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Information about Granule Cell

Granular cell also refers to Juxtaglomerular cell in the kidney


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Drawing of Purkinje cells (A) and granule cells (B) from pigeon cerebellum by Santiago Ramón y Cajal, 1899. Instituto Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
In neuroscience, granule cells refer to tiny neurons (a type of cell) that are around 10 micrometres in diameter. Granule cells are found within the granular layer of the cerebellum, layer 4 of cerebral cortex, the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, and in the olfactory bulb.

While anatomically similar, granule cells in different brain regions are functionally diverse. For instance, olfactory bulb granule cells are GABAergic and axonless, while granule cells in the dentate gyrus have glutamatergic projection axons. Interestingly, these two populations of granule cells are also the only major neuronal populations that undergo adult neurogenesis, while cerebellar and cortical granule cells do not.

Cerebellar granule cells account for nearly half of the neurons in the central nervous system. Granule cells receive excitatory input from mossy fibers originating from pontine nuclei. Cerebellar granule cells send parallel fibers up through the Purkinje layer into the molecular layer where they branch out and spread through Purkinje cell dendritic arbors. These parallel fibers form thousands of excitatory synapses with Purkinje cells.

Layer 4 granule cells of the cerebral cortex receive driving inputs from thalamus and convey driving inputs largely to supragranular layers 2-3, but also to infragranular layers of the cerebral cortex.

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Histology: nervous tissue
Neurons (gray matter)soma, axon (axon hillock, axoplasm, axolemma, neurofibril/neurofilament), dendrite (Nissl body, dendritic spine)
types (bipolar, pseudounipolar, multipolar, pyramidal, Purkinje, granule)
Afferent nerve/Sensory nerve/Sensory neuronGSA, GVA, SSA, SVA, fibers Ia, Ib or Golgi, II or Aβ, III or Aδ or fast pain, IV or C or slow pain
Efferent nerve/Motor nerve/Motor neuronGSE, GVE, SVE, Upper motor neuron, Lower motor neuron (Aα motorneuron, Aγ motorneuron)
Synapsesneuropil, synaptic vesicle, neuromuscular junction, electrical synapse - Interneuron (Renshaw)
Sensory receptorsFree nerve ending, Meissner's corpuscle, Merkel nerve ending, Muscle spindle, Pacinian corpuscle, Ruffini ending, Olfactory receptor neuron, Photoreceptor cell, Hair cell, Taste bud
Glial cellsastrocyte, oligodendrocyte, ependymal cells, microglia, radial glia
Myelination (white matter)Schwann cell, oligodendrocyte, nodes of Ranvier, internode, Schmidt-Lanterman incisures, neurolemma
Related connective tissuesepineurium, perineurium, endoneurium, nerve fascicle, meninges
In the kidney, the juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells, also known as granular cells) are cells that synthesize, store, and secrete the enzyme renin. They are specialized smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole that delivers blood to the glomerulus.
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Neuroscience is a field that is devoted to the scientific study of the nervous system. Such studies may include the structure, function, evolutionary history, development, genetics, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, and pathology of the nervous system.
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The cerebellum (Latin: "little brain") is a region of the brain that plays an important role in the integration of sensory perception and motor output. Many neural pathways link the cerebellum with the motor cortex—which sends information to the muscles causing them
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cerebral cortex is a structure within the vertebrate brain with distinct structural and functional properties. In non-living, preserved brains, the outermost layers of the cerebrum has a grey color, hence the name "grey matter".
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The dentate gyrus is part of the hippocampal formation. It contains granule cells, which project to the pyramidal cells, but mostly to the interneurons of the CA3 subfield of the hippocampus. The granule cells are the principal excitatory neurons of the dentate gyrus.
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The hippocampus is a part of the forebrain, located in the medial temporal lobe. It forms a part of the limbic system and plays a part in memory and spatial navigation. Humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in each side of the brain.
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The olfactory bulb is a structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the perception of odors.

Anatomy

In most vertebrates, the olfactory bulb is the most rostral (forward) part of the brain.
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Gaba may refer to:
  • GABA, the gamma-aminobutyric acid neurotransmitter
  • GABA receptor, in biology, receptors with GABA as their endogenous ligand
  • Gabâ or gabaa (Philippines), the concept of negative karma of the Cebuano people

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Glutamic acid or glutamate (abbreviated as Glu or E; Glx or Z represents either glutamic acid or glutamine), is the protonated form of glutamate (the anion). Glutamate is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids.
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axon or nerve fiber, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body or soma.

Anatomy


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Neurogenesis (birth of neurons) is the process by which neurons are created. Most active during pre-natal development, neurogenesis is responsible for populating the growing brain.
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Neurons (also known as neurones and nerve cells) are electrically excitable cells in the nervous system that process and transmit information. In vertebrate animals, neurons are the core components of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
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The central nervous system (CNS) represents the largest part of the nervous system, including the brain and the spinal cord. Together with the peripheral nervous system, it has a fundamental role in the control of behavior.
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In neuroscience, the term fiber describes a bundle of axons projecting from one group of neurons in a specific area to another. The term may refer to one of two specific mossy fiber locations, which share little similarity aside from their name:

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The pons (sometimes pons Varolii after Costanzo Varolio) is a structure located on the brain stem. It is rostral to the medulla oblongata, caudal to the midbrain, and ventral to the cerebellum.
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In neuroanatomy, a nucleus is a central nervous system structure that is composed mainly of gray matter, and that acts as a hub or transit point for electrical signals in a single neural subsystem.
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Parallel fibers arise from granule cells in the cerebellar cortex. They form synapses onto the dendrites of Purkinje cells (the output neurons of the cerebellum).

Granule cells are very small and very numerous.
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Location Cerebellum
Function inhibitory projection neuron

Morphology flat dendritc arbor
Presynaptic connections Parallel fibers and Climbing fibers
Postsynaptic connections Cerebellar deep nuclei

Purkinje cells (or
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For the dendritic crystal structure, see .


Dendrites (from Greek dendron, “tree”) are the branched projections of a neuron that act to conduct the electrical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or
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synapse. Synapses allow nerve cells to communicate with one another through axons and dendrites, converting electrical impulses into chemical signals.]]

Chemical synapses
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For the computer game developer, see Thalamus Ltd.


The thalamus (from Greek θάλαμος = bedroom, chamber, IPA= /ˈθæləməs/) is a pair and symmetric part of the brain.
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BrainMaps is an NIH-funded interactive zoomable high-resolution digital brain atlas and virtual microscope that is based on more than 20 million megapixels (50 terabytes) of scanned images of serial sections of both primate and non-primate brains and that is integrated with a
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Histology (from the Greek ἱστός) is the study of tissue sectioned as a thin slice, using a microtome. It can be described as microscopic anatomy.
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Nervous tissue is the fourth major class of vertebrate tissue. The function of the nervous tissue is in communication between parts of the body. It is composed of neurons, which transmit impulses, and the neuroglia, which assist propagation of the nerve impulse as well as provide
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Neurons (also known as neurones and nerve cells) are electrically excitable cells in the nervous system that process and transmit information. In vertebrate animals, neurons are the core components of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
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"Gray Matter"
Author Stephen King
Language English
Genre(s) Horror, science fiction
Published in Cavalier (1st release) ,
Night Shift,
Arbour House Necropolis
Publication type Magazine
Media type Print
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The soma, or perikaryon, is the bulbous end of a neuron, containing the cell nucleus. It is also known as the cell body. The word soma is Greek, meaning "body"; the soma of a neuron is often called the "cell body".
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axon or nerve fiber, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body or soma.

Anatomy


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Axon Hillock is the anatomical part of a neuron that connects the cell body called soma (biology) to the axon. It is attributed as the place where Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSPs) and Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSPs) from numerous synaptic inputs on the
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Axoplasm is the cytoplasm within the axon of a neuron. Neural processes (axons and dendrites) contain about 99.6% of the cell’s cytoplasm, and 99.7% of that is in the axons (Sabry et al., 1995).
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