Grand Duchy Of Posen

The Grand Duchy of Posen (German: GroÃŸherzogtum Posen) or Grand Duchy of Poznań (Polish: Wielkie Księstwo Poznańskie) was an autonomous province of the Kingdom of Prussia in the Polish lands commonly known as "Greater Poland" between the years 1815-1848. The name was unofficially used afterwards for denoting the territory, especially by Poles, and today is used by modern historians to describe different political entities until 1918. Its capital was Poznań (German: Posen). The grand duchy was formally replaced with the Province of Posen in Prussian constitution from 5 December 1848.

Area and population

The area was 28,951 kmÂ² and contained most of the territories of the historical province of Greater Poland, which comprised the western parts of the Duchy of Warsaw (Departments of Poznań, Bydgoszcz, partly Kalisz) that were ceded to Prussia according to the Congress of Vienna (1815) with an international guarantee of self-administration and free development of the Polish nation.

Population:

776,000 (1815)
820,000 (1816)
1,350,000 (1849)
2,100,000 (1910)

Territorial administration

The monarch of the duchy, with title of Grand Duke of Poznań, was the Hohenzollern king of Prussia and his representative was the Duke-Governor: the first was Prince Antoni Radziwiłł (1815–31), who was married to Princess Luise of Prussia, the king's cousin. The governor was assigned to give advice in matters of Polish nationality, and had the right to veto the administration decisions; in reality, however, all administrative power was in the hands of the Prussian over-president of the province.

The Prussian administrative unit that covered the territory of the Duchy was called the Province of the Grand Duchy of Poznań in the years 1815–49, and later to simplify just the Province of Posen (German: Provinz Posen, Polish: Prowincja Poznańska).

The territory of the duchy was divided into two districts (German: Regierungsbezirk, Polish: Rejencja): Poznań District, Bydgoszcz District, which were further divided into 26 original counties (German: Kreis(e), Polish: Powiat(y)) administered by landrats ("county councils"). Later, these were redivided into 40 counties, plus two urban districts. In 1824, the Duchy also received the provincial council (term started in 1827) but with little administrative power, limited to providing advice. In 1817, Chełmno Land was moved to West Prussia.

The territorial administration in 1897:

Poznań District, (Rejencja Poznańska), Poznań

(English county name, Polish county name, county town)

* Babimost County, (Powiat Babimojski), Babimost
Gostyń County, (Powiat Gostyński), Gostyń
Grodzisk County, (Powiat Grodziski), Grodzisk Wielkopolski
Jarocin County, (Powiat Jarociński), Jarocin
Kępno County, (Powiat Kępiński), Kępno
Kościan County, (Powiat Kościański), Kościan
Koźmin County, (Powiat Koźmiński), Koźmin
Krotoszyn County, (Powiat Krotoszyński), Krotoszyn
Leszno County, (Powiat Leszczyński), Leszno
MiędzychÃ³d County, (Powiat Międzychodzki), MiędzychÃ³d
Międzyrzecz County, (Powiat Międzyrzecki), Międzyrzec
Nowy Tomyśl County, (Powiat Nowotomyski), Nowy Tomyśl
Oborniki County, (Powiat Obornicki), Oborniki Wiekopolskie
OdolanÃ³w County, (Powiat Odolanowski), OdolanÃ³w
OstrÃ³w County, (Powiat Ostrowski), OstrÃ³w Wielkopolski
OstrzeszÃ³w County, (Powiat Ostrzeszowski), OstrzeszÃ³w
Pleszew County, (Powiat Pleszewski), Pleszew
Poznań City, (Miasto Poznań), Poznan
Poznań East County, (Powiat Poznański Wschodni), Poznan
Poznań West County, (Powiat Poznański Zachodni), Poznan
Rawicz County, (Powiat Rawicki), Rawicz
Skwierzyna County, (Powiat Skwierzyński), Skwierzyna
Szamotuły County, (Powiat Szamotulski), Szamotuły
Śmigiel County, (Powiat Śmigielski), Śmigiel
Śrem County, (Powiat Śremski), Śrem
Środa County, (Powiat Średzki), Środa Wielkopolska
Września County, (Powiat Wrzesiński), Września
Wschowa County, (Powiat Wschowski), Wschowa

Bydgoszcz District (Rejencja Bydgoska), Bydgoszcz

(English county name, Polish county name, county town)

* Bydgoszcz City, (Miasto Bydgoszcz), Bydgoszcz
Bydgoszcz County, (Powiat Bydgoski), Bydgoszcz
Chodzież County, (Powiat Chodzieski), Chodzież
CzarnkÃ³w County, (Powiat Czarnkowski), CzarnkÃ³w
Gniezno County, (Powiat Gnieźnieński), Gniezno
Inowrocław County, (Powiat Inowrocławski), Inowrocław
Mogilno County, (Powiat Mogileński), Mogilno
Strzelno County, (Powiat Strzelneński), Strzelno
Szubin County, (Powiat Szubiński), Szubin
Wągrowiec County, (Powiat Wągrowiecki), Wągrowiec
Wieleń County, (Powiat Wieleński), Wieleń
Witkowo County, (Powiat Witkowski), Witkowo
Wyrzysk County, (Powiat Wyrzyski), Wyrzysk
Żnin County, (Powiat Żniński), Żnin

History

The Prussian province of Posen. Yellow colour: Polish-speaking areas according to German authorities

Until 1830, the Prussian authorities were relatively tolerant to the Polish people, although the Prussian administrative schemes were introduced and the role of the German language was strengthened in education.

Repression system after 1830

The 1830 November Uprising within Congress Poland against the Russian Empire was significantly supported by Poles from the Grand Duchy, Afterwards, the Prussian administration under over-president Edward Flotwell introduced a system of police and repression against the Poles. He started to expel the Poles from administration, tried to weaken the Polish nobility by buying its lands, and after 1832 the role of the Polish language in education was significantly suppressed.

Milder period after 1840

to be written

Greater Poland Uprising 1846 — part of the all-Polish 3-partition uprising
Greater Poland Uprising 1848 — part of the Spring of Nations

Autonomy abolished 1848

During the Revolutions of 1848 the Frankfurt Parliament attempted to divide the Duchy into two parts: the Province of Poznań, which would have been given to the Germans and annexed to a newly-created German Empire, and the Province of Gniezno, which would have been given to the Poles and held outside Germany, but because of the protest of Polish parliamentarians these plans failed and the integrity of the duchy was preserved. However on February 9, 1849, after a series of broken assurances, the Prussian administration renamed the duchy to the Province of Poznań (Provinz Posen). The line that divided the two proposed parts was ignored. However the Grand Duchy of Poznań remained a possession of the Hohenzollern dynasty and the name remained in unofficial use until 1918.

Kulturkampf

In the 1880s, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck started the Germanisation policies, such as an increase of police forces, a colonization commission, the German Society for the Eastern Borders (Hakata), and the Kulturkampf. In 1904, special legislation was passed against the Polish population. The legislation of 1908 allowed the confiscation of Polish landed property. The Prussian authorities did not allow the development of industries, so the Duchy's economy was dominated by high-level agriculture.

Integration with Poland 1918–19

After World War I, the fate of the Grand Duchy was undecided. The Poles demanded that the region be included in the newly independent Second Polish Republic, while the Germans refused any territorial concessions. Greater Poland Uprising broke out on 27 December 1918, a day after the speech of Ignacy Jan Paderewski. The Treaty of Versailles decided that most of the territory of the Grand Duchy would be included in Poland.

Polish organisations in the Grand Duchy

Scientific Help Society for the Youth of the Grand Duchy of Poznań (established 1841, Polish: Towarzystwo Naukowej Pomocy dla Młodzieży Wielkiego Księstwa Poznańskiego) — scholarship for the poor youth
Poznań Bazar (Bazar Poznański, established 1841)
Central Economic Society for the Grand Duchy of Poznań (established 1861, Polish: Centralne Towarzystwo Gospodarcze dla Wielkiego Księstwa Poznańskiego, CTG) — promotion of modern agriculture
People's Libraries Society (established 1880, Polish: Towarzystwo Czytelni Ludowych, TLC) promotion of education among the people
Poznań Society of Friends of Arts and Sciences (established 1875, Polish: Poznańskie Towarzystwo PrzyjaciÃ³ł Nauk, PTPN) promotion of arts and sciencies

German organisations in the Grand Duchy

Colonization Commission (Ansiedlungskommision, established 1886)
German Eastern Marches Society (Hakata), (Deustcher Ostmarken Verein, established 1894)

Famous people of the Grand Duchy

(in alphabetical order)

Stanisław Adamski (1875–1967), Polish priest, social and political activist of the Union of Catholic Societies of Polish Workers (Związek Katolickich Towarzystw RobotnikÃ³w Polskich), founder and editor of the 'Robotnik' (Worker) weekly
Tomasz K. Bartkiewcz (1865–1931), Polish composer and organist, co-founder of the Singer Circles Union (Związek KÃ³ł Śpiewackich)
JÃ³zef Brzeziński
Hipolit Cegielski (1815–68), Polish businessman, social and cultural activist
Dezydery Chłapowski (1788–1879), Polish general, business and political activist
Bernard Chrzanowski (1861–1944), Polish social and political activist, president of the Union of the Greater Poland Falcons (Związek SokołÃ³w Wielkopolskich)
August Cieszkowski (1814–94), Polish philosopher, social and political activist, co-founder of the Polish League (Liga Polska), co-founder and president of the PTPN
Czesław Czypicki (1855–1926), Polish lawyer from Kożmin, activist for the singers' societies
Bolesław Dembiński (1833–1914), Polish composer and organist, activist fo the singers societies
Franciszek Dobrowolski (1830–96), Polish theatre director, editor of Dziennika Poznańskiego (Poznań Daily)
Michał Drzymała (1857–1937), famous Polish peasant
Tytus Działyński (1796–1861), Polish political activist, protector of arts
Ewaryst Estkowski (1820–56), Polish teacher, education activist, editor of Szkoła Polska (Polish School) magazine
Edward H. Flotwell (1786–1865), Prussian politician, over-president of the Grand Duchy of Poznan
Maksymilian Jackowski (1815–1905), Polish activist, secretary-general of the Central Economic Society (Centralne Towarzystwo Gospodarcze), patron of the agricultural circles
Kazimierz Jarochowski (1828–88), Polish historian, publicist of the Dziennik Poznański (Poznań Daily), co-founder of PTPN
Ferdinand Hansemann (1861–1900), Prussian politician, co-founder of the German Eastern Marches Society
Hermann Kennemann (1815–1910), Prussian politician, co-founder of the German Eastern Marches Society
JÃ³zef Kościelski (1845–1911), Polish politician and parliamentarian, co-founder of the Straż (Guard) society
Konstanty Kościnski, author of The Guide to Poznań and the Grand Duchy of Poznań (Przewodnik pod Poznaniu i Wielkim Księstwie Poznańskiem), Poznań 1909
Antoni Kraszewski (1797–1870), Polish politician and parliamentarian
JÃ³zef Krzymiński (1858–1940), Polish physician, social and political activist, member of parliament
Karol Libelt (1807–75), Polish philosopher, political and social activist, president of PTPN
Karol Marcinkowski (1800–48), Polish physician, social activist, founder of the Poznań Bazar
Władysław Marcinkowski (1858–1947), Polish sculptor who created a monument of Adam Mickiewicz in Milosław
Teofil Matecki (1810–86), Polish physician, social activist, member of PTPN, founder of the Adam Mickiewicz monument of Poznan
Maciej Mielzyński
Ludwik Mycielski, Polish political, president of the National Council (Rada Narodowa) in 1913
Andrzej Niegolewski (1787–1857), Polish colonel during the Napoleonic Wars, member of parliament, shareholder of the Poznań Bazar
Władysław Niegolewski (1819–85), Polish liberal politician and member of parliament, insurgent in 1846, 1848 and 1863, cofounder of TCL and CTG
Władysław Oleszczyński (1808–66), Polish sculptor, who created a monument of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznan
Gustaw Potworowski (1800–60), Polish activist, founder of the Kasyno in Gostyń, activist of the Polish League (Liga Polska)
Edward Raczyński (1786–1845), Polish conservative politician, protector of arts, founder of the Raczynski Library in Poznan
Antoni Radziwiłł (1775–1833), Polish duke, composer, and politician, governor-general of the Grand Duchy of Poznan
Cyryl Ratajski (1875–1942), president of Poznań 1922–34
Karol Rzepecki (1865–1931), Polish bookseller, social and political activist, editor of SokÃ³ł (Falcon) magazine
Walenty Stefański (1813–77), Polish bookseller, political activist, co-founder of the Polish League (Liga Polska)
Florian Stablewski (1841–1906), Polish priest archbishop of Poznań and Gniezno, Polish member of Prussian parliament
Antoni Stychel (1859–1935), Polish priest, member of parliament, president of the Union of the Catholic Societies of Polish Workers (Związek Katolickich Towarzystw RobotnikÃ³w Polskich)
Roman Szymański (1840–1908), Polish political activist, publicist, editor of Orędownik magazine
Heinrich Tiedemann (1840–1922), Prussian politician, co-founder of the German Eastern Marches Society
Aniela Tułodziecka (1853–1932), Polish educational activist of the Warta Society (Towarzystwo PrzyjaciÃ³ł Wzajemnego Pouczania się i Opieki nad Dziećmi Warta)
Teofil Walicki
Piotr Wawrzyniak (1849–1910), Polish priest, economic and educational activist, patron of the Union of the Earnings and Economic Societies (Związek SpÃ³łek Zarobkowych i Gospodarczych)
Leon Wegner (1824–73), Polish economist and historian, co-founder of PTPN
Richard Witting (1812–1912), Prussian politician, over-president of Poznań City, 1891–1902

References

Robert Alvis, Religion and the Rise of Nationalism: A Profile of an East-Central European City, Syracuse 2005
Gazeta Wielkiego Księstwa Poznańskiego
Konstanty Kościnski, Przewodnik pod Poznaniu i Wielkim Księstwie Poznańskiem, Poznań 1909
T. Dohnalowa, Z dziejÃ³w postępu technicznego w Wielkopolsce w pierwszej połowie XIX wieku, in: S.Kubiak, L.Trzeciakowski (ed.), Rola Wielkopolski w dziejach narodu polskiego
F. Genzen, Z.Grot, F.Paprocki, ZabÃ³r pruski w Powstaniu Styczniowym. Materiały i dokumenty, Wrocław-Warszawa-KrakÃ³w 1968
B. Grześ, J.Kozłowski, A.Kramarski, Niemcy w Poznańskiem wobec polityki germanizacyjnej 1815-1920, Poznań 1976
Witold JakÃ³bczyk, Przetrwać nad Wartą 1815-1914. Dzieje narodu i państwa polskiego, vol. III-55, Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, Warszawa 1989
Witold JakÃ³bczyk (ed.), Studia nad dziejami Wielkopolski w XIX w., vol.I-III, Poznań 1951-1967
Witold JakÃ³bczyk (ed.), Wielkopolanie XIX w., Poznań 1969
Witold JakÃ³bczyk (ed.), Wielkopolska. WybÃ³r źrÃ³deł, t. I 1815-1850, Wrocław 1952
Witold JakÃ³bczyk (ed.), Wielkopolska. WybÃ³r źrÃ³deł, t. II 1851-1914, Wrocław 1954
T. Klanowski, Germanizacja gimnazjÃ³w w Wielkim Księstwie Poznańskim i opÃ³r młodzieży polskiej w latach 1870-1814, Poznań 1962
Czesław Łuczak, Życie społeczno-gospodarcze w Poznaniu 1815-1918, Poznań 1965
K. Malinowski (ed.), X wiekÃ³w Poznania, Poznań-Warszawa 1956
Witold Molik, Kształtowanie się inteligencji wielkopolskiej w Wielkim Księstwie Poznańskim 1840-1870, Warszawa-Poznań 1979
F. Paprocki, Wielkie Księstwo Poznańskie w okresie rządÃ³w Flottwella (1830-1842), Poznań 1970
L. Plater, Opisanie historyczno-statystyczne Wielkiego Księstwa Poznańskiego, wyd. J. N. Bobrowicz, Lipsk 1846
B. Pleśniarski, Poglądy Wielkopolan na sprawy wychowawcze i oświatowe w świetle prasy Księstwa Poznańskiego 1814-1847,
A. Skałkowski, Bazar Poznański. Zarys stuletnich dziejÃ³w (1838-1938), Poznań 1938
L. Słowiński, Nie damy pogrześć mowy. Wizerunki pedagogÃ³w poznańskich XIX wieku, Poznań 1982
J. Stoiński, Szkolnictwo średnie w Wielkim Księstwie Poznańskim w I połowie XIX wieku (1815-1850), Poznań 1972
J. Topolski (ed.), Wielkopolska przez wieki, Poznań 1973
S. Truchim, Geneza szkÃ³ł realnych w Wielkim Księstwie Poznańskim, Warszawa 1936
S. Truchim, Historia szkolnictwa i oświaty polskiej w Wielkim Księstwie Poznańskim 1815-1915, ŁÃ³dź 1967
Lech Trzeciakowski, Kulturkampf w zaborze pruskim, Poznań 1970
Lech Trzeciakowski, Pod pruskim zaborem 1850-1914, Warszawa 1973
Lech Trzeciakowski, Walka o polskość miast Poznańskiego na przełomie XIX i XX wieku, Poznań 1964
Lech Trzeciakowski, W dziewiętnastowiecznym Poznaniu, Poznań 1987
Wielkopolski Słownik Biograficzny, 2nd edition, Warszawa-Poznań 1983

Greater Poland

Historical administrative divisions
Duchy of Greater Poland (12th-13th centuries) • Poznań Voivodeship and Kalisz Voivodeship (until 1768) • Poznań Voivodeship, Kalisz Voivodeship, Gniezno Voivodeship, and Netze District (until 1793) • South Prussia (until 1806) • Poznań Department, Kalisz Department and Bydgoszcz Department (until 1815) • Grand Duchy of Poznań (until 1848) • Province of Posen (until 1918) • Poznań Voivodeship (until 1939) • Reichsgau Posen (1939) • Reichsgau Wartheland (until 1945) • Poznań Voivodeship (until 1975) • Poznań Voivodeship, Kalisz Voivodeship, Leszno Voivodeship, Konin Voivodeship and Piła Voivodeship (until 1998) • Greater Poland Voivodeship

German language (Deutsch, ] (help info ) ) is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages.
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Polish}}}
Writing system: Latin (Polish variant)
Official status
Official language of: European Union
European Union
Regulated by: Polish Language Council
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ISO 639-1: pl
ISO 639-2: pol
ISO 639-3:
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Prussia (German: (help info ) ^[1]; Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Latvian: Prūsija
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Polish Statehood

Kingdom of the Piasts
Kingdom of the Jagiellons
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Partitions of Poland
Kingdom of Galicia
Duchy of Warsaw

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18th century - 19th century - 20th century
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The Province of Posen (German: Provinz Posen, Polish: Prowincja Poznańska) was a province of Prussia from 1848-1918 and as such part of the German Empire from 1871 to 1918; the whole
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The Kingdom of Prussia (German: KÃ¶nigreich PreuÃŸen) was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918 and, from 1871, was the leading state of the German Empire, comprising almost two-thirds of the area of the empire.
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Greater Poland Uprising of 1848 (Polish: powstanie wielkopolskie 1848 roku) was a military insurrection of the Polish people in the Grand Duchy of Poznań (or the Greater Poland region) against the occupying Prussian forces,
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The Frankfurt Parliament is the name of the German National Assembly founded during the Revolutions of 1848 that tried to unite Germany in a democratic way. Meeting in the city of Frankfurt am Main, the assembly was attended by 586 deputies.
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Grand Duchy Of Posen

Information about Grand Duchy Of Posen

Area and population

Territorial administration

Poznań District, (Rejencja Poznańska), Poznań

Bydgoszcz District (Rejencja Bydgoska), Bydgoszcz

History

Repression system after 1830

Milder period after 1840

Autonomy abolished 1848

Kulturkampf

Integration with Poland 1918–19

Polish organisations in the Grand Duchy

German organisations in the Grand Duchy

Famous people of the Grand Duchy

See also

References

See also

Events

Events