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Indonesia

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The politics of Indonesia takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Indonesia is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two People's Representative Councils. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The 1945 constitution provided for a limited separation of executive, legislative, and judicial power. The governmental system has been described as "presidential with parliamentary characteristics." Following the Indonesian 1998 Revolution and the resignation of President Suharto, several political reforms were set in motion.

Reform process

A constitutional reform process has been underway since 1999, and has already produced several important changes.

Among these are term limits of up to two five-year terms for the President and Vice President, and measures to institute checks and balances. The highest state institution is the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), whose functions included electing the president and vice president (since 2004 the president is elected directly by the people), establishing broad guidelines of state policy, and amending the constitution. The 695-member MPR includes all 550 members of the People's Representative Council (DPR) (the House of Representatives) plus 130 "regional representatives" elected by the twenty-six provincial parliaments and sixty-five appointed members from societal groups.

The DPR, which is the premier legislative institution, originally included 462 members elected through a mixed proportional/district representational system and thirty-eight appointed members of the armed forces (TNI) and police (POLRI). TNI/POLRI representation in the DPR was ended before the general election in 2004 and will end in the MPR in 2009. Societal group representation in the MPR was eliminated in 2004 through further constitutional change. Military domination of regional administration is gradually breaking down, with new regulations prohibiting active-duty officers from holding political office.

Having served as rubberstamp bodies in the past, the DPR and MPR have gained considerable power and are increasingly assertive in oversight of the executive branch. Under constitutional changes in 2004, the MPR became a bicameral legislature, with the creation of the Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (DPD) or Senate, in which each province is represented by four members, although its legislative powers are more limited than those of the DPR. Through his appointed cabinet, the president retains the authority to conduct the administration of the government, but some observers believe the balance of power has shifted too far in the direction of the legislature.

A general election in June 1999 produced the first freely elected national, provincial, and regional parliaments in over forty years. In October 1999 the MPR elected a compromise candidate, Abdurrahman Wahid, as the country's fourth president, and Megawati Sukarnoputri — a daughter of Sukarno, the country's first president — as the vice president. Megawati's PDI-P party had won the largest share of the vote (34%) in the general election, while Golkar, the dominant party during the Soeharto era, came in second (22%). Several other, mostly Islamic parties won shares large enough to be seated in the DPR.

Executive branch

Main office holders
Office Name Party Since
PresidentSusilo Bambang YudhoyonoPD20 October 2004
Vice-presidentJusuf KallaGolkar20 October 2004
The president and vice president are selected by vote of the citizens for five-year terms. Prior to 2004, they were chosen by People's Consultative Assembly. The last election was held 20 September 2004. The president heads the United Indonesia Cabinet (Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu) The President of Indonesia is directly-elected for five-year terms, and is the head of state, commander-in-chief of Indonesian armed forces and responsible for domestic governance and policy-making and foreign affairs. The president appoints a council of ministers, who don't have to be elected members of the legislature.

Legislative branch

The People's Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat) has 550 members, elected for a five year term by proportional representation in multi-member constituencies. The other chamber of the People's Consultative Assembly(Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat) is the Regional Representatives Council (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah). Following elections in 2004, the MPR became a bicameral parliament, with the creation of the DPD as its second chamber in an effort to increase regional representation.

Political parties and elections

For other political parties see List of political parties in Indonesia. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in Indonesia.
The General Election Committee (KPU - Komisi Pemilihan Umum) is the body responsible for running both parliamentary and presidential elections in Indonesia. Prior to the General Election of 2004, the KPU was made up of members who were also members of political parties, however members of the KPU must now be non-partisan.
Main article: Indonesian presidential election, 2004
discuss – edit
'''Summary of the 5 July and 24 September 2004 Indonesian presidential election, 2004>Indonesian presidential election results
Candidates Parties First round Second round
Votes % Votes %
Susilo Bambang YudhoyonoDemocratic Party36,051,23633.5867,196,11260.9
Megawati SukarnoputriIndonesian Democratic Party-Struggle28,171,06326.2443,198,85139.1
WirantoGolkar23,811,02822.18
Amien RaisNational Mandate Party16,035,56514.94
Hamzah HazUnited Development Party3,275,0113.06
Total106,228,247100.0110,394,163100.0
Source: KPU
Main article: Indonesian legislative election, 2004
discuss – edit
'''Summary of the 5 April 2004 Indonesian People's Representative Council Indonesian legislative election, 2004>election results
Parties Votes % Seats
Golkar (Partai Golongan Karya)24,480,75721.6128
Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan)21,025,99118.5109
National Awakening Party (Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa)11,994,87710.652
United Development Party (Partai Persatuan Pembangunan)9,248,2658.158
Democratic Party (Partai Demokrat)8,455,2137.557
Prosperous Justice Party (Partai Keadilan Sejahtera)8,324,9097.345
National Mandate Party (Partai Amanat Nasional)7,302,7876.452
Crescent Star Party (Partai Bulan Bintang)2,970,3202.611
Reform Star Party (Partai Bintang Reformasi)2,763,8532.413
Prosperous Peace Party (Partai Damai Sejahtera)2,425,2012.112
Concern for the Nation Functional Party (Partai Karya Peduli Bangsa)2,398,1172.12
Justice and Unity Party (Partai Keadilan dan Persatuan din Indonesia)1,423,4271.21
United Democratic Nationhood Party (Partai Persatuan Demokrasi Kebangsaan)1,313,6541.25
Freedom Bull National Party (Partai Nasional Banteng Kemerdekaan)1,230,4551.11
Pancasila Patriots' Party (Partai Patriot Pancasila)1,073,0640.9-
Indonesian National Party Marheanism (Partai Nasional Indonesia Marhaenisme)922,4510.81
Vanguard Party (Partai Pelopor)897,1150.82
Indonesian Nahdlatul Community Party (Partai Persatuan Nahdlatul Ummah Indonesia)895,5660.8-
Indonesian Democratic Vanguard Party (Partai Penegak Demokrasi Indonesia)855,2180.71
Freedom Party (Partai Merdeka)841,8210.7-
Indonesian Unity Party (Partai Sarikat Indonesia)679,2960.6-
New Indonesia Alliance Party (Partai Perhimpunan Indonesia Baru)672,9520.6-
Regional United Party (Partai Persatuan Daerah)657,9070.6-
Social Democrat Labour Party (Partai Buruh Sosial Demokrat)635,1820.6-
Total counted113,488,398-550

Judicial branch

The "Supreme Court" (Mahkamah Agung) is the highest level of the judicial branch. Its judges are appointed by the president.

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Indonesia
During the regime of president Suharto, Indonesia built strong relations with the United States and had difficult relations with the People's Republic of China owing to Indonesia's anti-communist policies and domestic tensions with the Chinese community. It received international condemnation for its annexation of East Timor in 1978. Indonesia is a founding member of the Association of South East Asian Nations, and thereby a member of both ASEAN+3 and the East Asia Summit. Since the 1980s, Indonesia has worked to develop close political and economic ties between South East Asian nations, and is also influential in the Organization of the Islamic Conference. Indonesia was heavily criticized between 1998 and 1999 for allegedly suppressing human rights in East Timor, and for supporting violence against the East Timorese following the latter's secession and independence in 1999. Since 2001, the government of Indonesia has co-operated with the U.S. in cracking down on Islamic fundamentalism and terrorist groups.

Further reading

  • O'Rourke, Kevin. 2002. Reformasi: the struggle for power in post-Soeharto Indonesia. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-754-8
  • Schwarz, Adam. 2000. A nation in waiting: Indonesia's search for stability. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-3650-3

See also

Indonesia
• Communications • Culture • Demographics • Economy • Education • Geography • Government • History • • Media • Military • People • Politics • Provinces • Religion • • • Sport • Tourism • Transportation


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Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
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Observers:  Papua New Guinea
Motto
"Bhinneka Tunggal Ika"   (Old Javanese)
"Unity in Diversity"
National ideology: Pancasila[1]
Anthem
Indonesia Raya
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Indonesia

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Indonesia

  • Pancasila
  • Constitution
  • President (List)
  • Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

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Indonesia

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Indonesia

  • Pancasila
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  • Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

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Indonesia

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Indonesia

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This is the list of the presidents of Indonesia.

Order of service



No. Name Took Office Left Office Party
1 Sukarno 18 August 1945 12 March 1967 [1] Indonesian National Party
2 Suharto 12 March 1967 21 May 1998 Golkar
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Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (born September 9, 1949 in Pacitan, East Java, Indonesia), is an Indonesian retired military general and statesman as well as the sixth President of Indonesia.
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Indonesia

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Indonesia

  • Pancasila
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  • Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

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Jusuf Kalla (born Watampone, South Sulawesi; May 15, 1942) is the current Vice President of Indonesia and Chairman of the Golkar Party.

Early life

Jusuf Kalla was born on 15th May 1942 in Watampone, South Sulawesi.
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Indonesia

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Indonesia

  • Pancasila
  • Constitution
  • President (List)
  • Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

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Indonesia

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Indonesia

  • Pancasila
  • Constitution
  • President (List)
  • Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

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Indonesia

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Indonesia

  • Pancasila
  • Constitution
  • President (List)
  • Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

..... Click the link for more information.
Indonesia

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Indonesia

  • Pancasila
  • Constitution
  • President (List)
  • Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

..... Click the link for more information.
Indonesia

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Indonesia

  • Pancasila
  • Constitution
  • President (List)
  • Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

..... Click the link for more information.
Indonesia

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Indonesia

  • Pancasila
  • Constitution
  • President (List)
  • Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

..... Click the link for more information.
Indonesia

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Indonesia

  • Pancasila
  • Constitution
  • President (List)
  • Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

..... Click the link for more information.
Indonesia

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Indonesia

  • Pancasila
  • Constitution
  • President (List)
  • Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

..... Click the link for more information.
Indonesia

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Indonesia

  • Pancasila
  • Constitution
  • President (List)
  • Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

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The Republic of Indonesia is divided into provinces (Indonesian: Provinsi). Provinces consist of regencies (Indonesian: Kabupaten) and cities (Indonesian: Kota).
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Indonesia

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Indonesia

  • Pancasila
  • Constitution
  • President (List)
  • Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

..... Click the link for more information.
Indonesia

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Indonesia

  • Pancasila
  • Constitution
  • President (List)
  • Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

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Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty.
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Motto
"Bhinneka Tunggal Ika"   (Old Javanese)
"Unity in Diversity"
National ideology: Pancasila[1]
Anthem
Indonesia Raya
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A presidential system, also called a congressional system, is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term) separately from the legislature, to which it is not accountable and which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it.
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Representative democracy is a form of government founded on the principles of popular sovereignty by the people's representatives. The representatives form an independent ruling body (for an election period) charged with the responsibility of acting in the people's
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republic, for all other uses see: republic (disambiguation)

List of forms of government
  • Anarchism
  • Aristocracy
  • Authoritarianism
  • Autocracy
  • Communist state
  • Democracy
Direct democracy

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Indonesia

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Indonesia

  • Pancasila
  • Constitution
  • President (List)
  • Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

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For the comedy film of the same name, see .


Head of state or Chief of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchic or republican nation-state, federation,
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Head of Government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. In a parliamentary system, the head of government is often styled Prime Minister, Premier, etc.
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In political science and constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the state. In many countries, it is referred to simply as the government, but this usage can be confusing in an international context.
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A legislature is a type of representative deliberative assembly with the power to adopt laws.

Legislatures are known by many names, the most common being parliament and congress, although these terms also have more specific meanings.
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