Information about Giant Retinal Ganglion Cells
Giant retinal ganglion cells are ganglion cells with large dendritic trees discovered in the human and macaque retina by Dacey et al (2005).
Giant retinal ganglion cells contain a visual pigment, melanopsin, allowing them to respond directly to light. This means they are a sort of photosensitive ganglion cell. They also receive connections from rods and cones, allowing them to encode colour and spatial information. Dacey et al. found the giants’ receptive field sizes to be about three times the diameter of those of parasol ganglion cells. There are only about 3000 giant retinal ganglion cells in each retina, comprising about 0.2% of the total number of retinal ganglion cells. When a giant is responding directly to light, Dacey et al. found its spectral sensitivity function to be similar in shape to those of rods and cones, but with a peak at 482 nm, in between S cones and rods. Dacey et al. also found giants’ dynamic range to be 3-4 log units, far larger than any other photoreceptor type's and covering nearly the entire range of illuminations of natural daylight. Under naturalistic lighting conditions, responses to their rods and cones are superimposed on the melanopsin response of giant retinal ganglion cells. Giants encode colour via an S-Off, (L + M)-On opponency. Their spatial modulation transfer function is low-pass, with an upper limit of about 0.6 cycles per degree. Dacey et al. propose that the giants subserve circadian functions and pupillary diameter, and via the rod and cone inputs, help mediate conscious perception of irradiance.
The retina is a thin layer of neural cells that lines the back of the eyeball of vertebrates and some cephalopods. It is comparable to the film in a camera.
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The retina is a thin layer of neural cells that lines the back of the eyeball of vertebrates and some cephalopods. It is comparable to the film in a camera.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Giant retinal ganglion cells contain a visual pigment, melanopsin, allowing them to respond directly to light. This means they are a sort of photosensitive ganglion cell. They also receive connections from rods and cones, allowing them to encode colour and spatial information. Dacey et al. found the giants’ receptive field sizes to be about three times the diameter of those of parasol ganglion cells. There are only about 3000 giant retinal ganglion cells in each retina, comprising about 0.2% of the total number of retinal ganglion cells. When a giant is responding directly to light, Dacey et al. found its spectral sensitivity function to be similar in shape to those of rods and cones, but with a peak at 482 nm, in between S cones and rods. Dacey et al. also found giants’ dynamic range to be 3-4 log units, far larger than any other photoreceptor type's and covering nearly the entire range of illuminations of natural daylight. Under naturalistic lighting conditions, responses to their rods and cones are superimposed on the melanopsin response of giant retinal ganglion cells. Giants encode colour via an S-Off, (L + M)-On opponency. Their spatial modulation transfer function is low-pass, with an upper limit of about 0.6 cycles per degree. Dacey et al. propose that the giants subserve circadian functions and pupillary diameter, and via the rod and cone inputs, help mediate conscious perception of irradiance.
References
- Dacey, D. M., Liao, H.-W., Peterson, B. B., Robinson, F. R., Smith, V. C., Pokorny, J., et al. (2005). Melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in primate retina signal colour and irradiance and project to the LGN. Nature, 433, 749-754.
Sensory system - Visual system - Eye - Retina | |
|---|---|
| cells | Photoreceptor cells (Cone cell, Rod cell) → (Horizontal cell) → Bipolar cell → (Amacrine cell) → Ganglion cell Giant retinal ganglion cells - Photosensitive ganglion cell - Muller glia |
| layers | Inner limiting membrane - Nerve fiber layer - Ganglion cell layer - Inner plexiform layer - Inner nuclear layer - Outer plexiform layer - Outer nuclear layer - External limiting membrane - Layer of rods and cones - Retinal pigment epithelium |
Location Varies by type
Function Varies but often excitatory projection
Morphology Varies
A ganglion cell (more correctly, a retinal ganglion cell) is a type of neuron typically located near the inner surface of the retina of the eye that
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Function Varies but often excitatory projection
Morphology Varies
A ganglion cell (more correctly, a retinal ganglion cell) is a type of neuron typically located near the inner surface of the retina of the eye that
..... Click the link for more information.
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Macaca
Lacepede, 1799
Type species
Simia inuus
Linnaeus, 1758 = Simia sylvanus Linnaeus, 1758
Species
See text.
The macaques (IPA: /məˈkak/
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Lacepede, 1799
Type species
Simia inuus
Linnaeus, 1758 = Simia sylvanus Linnaeus, 1758
Species
See text.
The macaques (IPA: /məˈkak/
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- For the moth genus, see Retina (moth).
The retina is a thin layer of neural cells that lines the back of the eyeball of vertebrates and some cephalopods. It is comparable to the film in a camera.
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Melanopsin is a photopigment found in specialized photosensitive ganglion cells of the retina that are involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex. In structure, melanopsin is an opsin, a retinylidene protein variety of G-protein-coupled receptor.
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Photosensitive ganglion cells, or melanopsin-containing ganglion cells, are a recently discovered type of nerve cell in the retina of the eye which, unlike other retinal ganglion cells, are intrinsically photosensitive.
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Location Retina
Function Low light photoreceptor
Morphology rod shaped
Presynaptic connections None
Postsynaptic connections Bipolar Cells and Horizontal cells
Rod cells, or rods
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Function Low light photoreceptor
Morphology rod shaped
Presynaptic connections None
Postsynaptic connections Bipolar Cells and Horizontal cells
Rod cells, or rods
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Cone cells, or cones, are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye which function best in relatively bright light. The cone cells gradually become more sparse towards the periphery of the retina.
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Color or colour[1] (see spelling differences) is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called red, yellow, blue, black, etc.
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The receptive field of a sensory neuron is a region of space in which the presence of a stimulus will alter the firing of that neuron. Receptive fields have been identified for neurons of the auditory system, the somatosensory system, and the visual system.
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A low-pass filter is a filter that passes low frequency signals but attenuates (reduces the amplitude of) signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency. The actual amount of attenuation for each frequency varies from filter to filter.
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A circadian rhythm is a roughly-24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including plants, animals, fungi and cyanobacteria. The term "circadian", coined by Franz Halberg,[1] comes from the Latin circa, "around", and diem or
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Irradiance, radiant emittance, and radiant exitance are radiometry terms for the power of electromagnetic radiation at a surface, per unit area. "Irradiance" is used when the electromagnetic radiation is incident on the surface.
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sensory system: in this case, vision, for the visual system. ]]
A sensory system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information.
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A sensory system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information.
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The visual system is the part of the nervous system which allows organisms to see. It interprets the information from visible light to build a representation of the world surrounding the body.
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Eyes are organs of vision that detect light. Different kinds of light-sensitive organs are found in a variety of organisms. The simplest eyes do nothing but detect whether the surroundings are light or dark, while more complex eyes can distinguish shapes and colors.
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- For the moth genus, see Retina (moth).
The retina is a thin layer of neural cells that lines the back of the eyeball of vertebrates and some cephalopods. It is comparable to the film in a camera.
..... Click the link for more information.
photoreceptor, or photoreceptor cell, is a specialized type of neuron found in the eye's retina that is capable of phototransduction. More specifically, the photoreceptor absorbs photons from the visual field and signals this information to other neurons through a change in
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Cone cells, or cones, are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye which function best in relatively bright light. The cone cells gradually become more sparse towards the periphery of the retina.
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Location Retina
Function Low light photoreceptor
Morphology rod shaped
Presynaptic connections None
Postsynaptic connections Bipolar Cells and Horizontal cells
Rod cells, or rods
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Function Low light photoreceptor
Morphology rod shaped
Presynaptic connections None
Postsynaptic connections Bipolar Cells and Horizontal cells
Rod cells, or rods
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Horizontal cells are the laterally interconnecting neurons in the outer plexiform layer of the retina.
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Organization
There are three basic types of horizontal cells, designated HI, HII and HIII...... Click the link for more information.
Location Retina (Inner Nuclear Layer)
Function Convey gradients between photoreceptor cells to retinal ganglion cells
Morphology bipolar
Presynaptic connections Rods , cones and Horizontal Cells
Postsynaptic connections
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Function Convey gradients between photoreceptor cells to retinal ganglion cells
Morphology bipolar
Presynaptic connections Rods , cones and Horizontal Cells
Postsynaptic connections
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Location INL of the retina
Function inhibitory or neuromodulatory interneurons
Neurotransmitter GABA, glycine, DA, or 5-HT
Morphology Varies
Presynaptic connections Bipolar cells
Postsynaptic connections
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Function inhibitory or neuromodulatory interneurons
Neurotransmitter GABA, glycine, DA, or 5-HT
Morphology Varies
Presynaptic connections Bipolar cells
Postsynaptic connections
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Location Varies by type
Function Varies but often excitatory projection
Morphology Varies
A ganglion cell (more correctly, a retinal ganglion cell) is a type of neuron typically located near the inner surface of the retina of the eye that
..... Click the link for more information.
Function Varies but often excitatory projection
Morphology Varies
A ganglion cell (more correctly, a retinal ganglion cell) is a type of neuron typically located near the inner surface of the retina of the eye that
..... Click the link for more information.
Photosensitive ganglion cells, or melanopsin-containing ganglion cells, are a recently discovered type of nerve cell in the retina of the eye which, unlike other retinal ganglion cells, are intrinsically photosensitive.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Müller glia, or Müller cells, are glia found in the vertebrate retina, which normally serve the functions of any normal glial cells. However, following injury to the retina, it has been seen that Müller glia actually de-differentiate into a neural progenitor.
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The nerve fiber layer (or layer of nerve fibers or stratum opticum) is formed by the expansion of the fibers of the optic nerve; it is thickest near the porus opticus, gradually diminishing toward the ora serrata.
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The ganglion cell layer (ganglionic layer) consists of a single layer of large ganglion cells, except in the macula lutea, where there are several strata.
The cells are somewhat flask-shaped; the rounded internal surface of each resting on the stratum opticum, and
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The cells are somewhat flask-shaped; the rounded internal surface of each resting on the stratum opticum, and
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The inner plexiform layer is made up of a dense reticulum of minute fibrils formed by the interlacement of the dendrites of the ganglion cells with those of the cells of the inner nuclear layer; within this reticulum a few branched spongioblasts are sometimes imbedded.
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