Information about Germanic Calendar
| Common use | Chinese Islamic Gregorian ISO Astro Julian |
|---|---|
| Calendar Types | |
| Lunisolar Solar Lunar | |
| Selected usage | Armenian Bah' Bengali Berber Buddhist Coptic Ethiopian Germanic Hebrew Hindu Indian Iranian Irish Japanese Javanese Malayalam Maya Nanakshahi Nepali Nepal Sambat Tamil Thai: Lunar – Solar Tibetan Vietnamese Zoroastrian |
| Calendar Types | |
| Original Julian Runic | |
- see also Runic calendar
The months were probably lunar; the Old English "mōnaş", Old Norse "mānağr, and Old High German "mānōd" [1], as well as the modern English "month", modern Icelandic "mánuğur" ,modern Swedish "månad", and the German "Monat" [2], are all cognate with the word "moon".
The Germanic peoples had their own names for the months which varied by region and dialect, which were later replaced with local adaptations of the Roman month names. However, Germanic languages have largely kept the old Germanic names for the days of the week, most of which are named after Germanic gods.
Our main source of reference for Old English month names comes from the Venerable Bede (ca.672 - 735). He recorded the pre-Christian Anglo-Saxon month names in his Latin work known as De temporum ratione (De mensibus Anglorum) [3].
Charlemagne (ca.742 or 747 - 814) modified the established Julian Calendar to use the agricultural Old High German names of the months in areas under his influence. (See Julian Calendar:Month names for other examples.) They were used until the 15th century, and with some modifications until the late 18th century in Germany and in the Netherlands (sensu lato). Some of these more recent German month names are given in the table below.
Month names
| Modern English | Old English (Anglo-Saxon) | Old Norse | Old High German (and the New High German equivalent) | Poetic German / Carolingian |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| January | Æftera Gēola (After Yule) or Giuli | Morsugr or Jól (Yule) (the first half of the month) and Şorri (Thor) (the latter half) | Harti-mānōd (New High German: Härtemonat, English: Hard Month, Month of Severe Frost) | Hartung (Severeness, Harding), Eismond (Ice Month), or Schneemond (Snow Month) |
| February | Sol-mōnaş (Sol Month) or Fillibrook (Brook-Filling) | Şorri and Gói (Thor, Possibly Winter); Kyndilsmessa (candle/kindle-mass) | Hornung (Hornung, Horn Shedding [Month]) | Hornung (Horn Shedding [Month], because during this month deer shed their antlers)[4]) |
| March | Hrēğ-mōnaş (Month of the Goddess Hréğ or Month of Wildness [5]) | Gói and Ein-mánuğr (???, and Single month) | Lenzin-mānōd (Lenzmonat, Lent Month, Spring Month) | Lenzing(Springing) or Lenzmond (Springtime Month[Lent month]) |
| April | Eostur-mōnaş("Easter Month", "Spring month", "month the son/sun rises from the East many times") (see also: Goddess Eostre) | Ein-mánuğr (Single month) and ??? (???) | Ōstar-mānōd (Ostermonat) ("Ostern(Easter) Month", see also Oster) | Ostermond (see also: Goddess Eostre) |
| May | Şrimilci-mōnaş (Month of Three Milkings) | ??? | Drīmilki (Three Milkings)[6] (no common NHG equivalent), Winni-mānōd (Wonnemonat) | Wonnemond (Graze Month [later interpretation: Blissfulness Month]) |
| June | Ærra Līğa (Before Midsummer) | ??? (and) and Sól-mánuğr (Sol month, Summer month) | Brāh-mānōd (Brachmonat) | Brachet (Fallows) or Brachmond (Fallow Month) |
| (None; leap month) | Şrilīğa (Third Midsummer) | (none) | (none) | (none) |
| July | Æftera Līğa (After Midsummer) | Sól-mánuğr and Heyannir (Sol's month, Haying) | Hewi-mānōd or Hou-mānōd (both Heumonat, hay month) | Heuert or Heumond (Hay Month) |
| August | Weod-mōnaş (Plant month) | Heyannir (Hay month)and Tví-mánuğr (Double month) | Aran-mānōd (Erntemonat, Month of Harvest) | Ernting or Erntemond (Harvesting, Crop Month / Harvest Month) |
| September | Hālig-mōnaş (Holy Month) or Hærfest-mónaş (Harvest Month) | Tví-mánuğr and Haust-mánuğr (Double month and Harvest/autumn month) | Witu-mānōd (Holzmonat, Holy month, Month of Wood); or Herbist-mānōd (Leaves month, Herbstmonat, Month of Harvest) | Scheiding (Separating) or Herbstmond (Leaves month, Autumn Month) |
| October | Winterfylleş (Winterfilled) or Rugern (Rye harvest) | Haust-mánuğr and Gor-mánuğr (Harvest/autumn month and Dread month, Dirty month, Gore month) | Windume-mānōd (Weinlesemonat, Window month, Month of Vintage) | Gilbhart / Gilbhard (Forest Yellowing, ) or Weinmond (Wine Month) |
| November | Blōt-mōnaş (Blót Month, Dread month, Blood month, Gore month) | Gor-mánuğr and Frer-mánuğr (Dread month, Dirty month, Gore month and Frost month) | Wintar-mānōd (Wintermonat) | Nebelung (Nebuling as in "Cloudy month" ,Fogging) or Nebelmond (Fog Month) or Wintermond (Winter Month) |
| December | Ærra Gēola (Before Yule) or Giuli (Yule) | Frer-mánuğr (Frost month) and Morsugr or Jól (Yule month) | (Julmonat) | Julmond (Yule Month) or Heilmond (Holy Month) or Christ-mond (Christ Month) |
References
External links
- Hwæt! Months & Seasons in Old English.
- Facts and Figures: The Norse Way General information on old Germanic culture, including time.
- Old High German dictionary, including month names (in German)
- Old Norse dictionary, including month names (in German)
- Old English dictionary, including month names (in German)
- Anglo-Saxon month names
- The Germanic Lunar Calendar
- The Anglo-Saxon Calendar
Calendars
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Chinese calendar is a lunisolar calendar, incorporating elements of a lunar calendar with those of a solar calendar. In China today, the Gregorian calendar is used for most day to day activities, but the Chinese calendar is still used for marking traditional Chinese holidays such
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Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar (Arabic: التقويم الهجري; at-taqwīm al-hijrī
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Gregorian calendar is the most widely used calendar in the world. A modification of the Julian calendar, it was first proposed by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius, and was decreed by Pope Gregory XIII, for whom it was named, on 24 February 1582 via the papal bull
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ISO week date system is a leap week calendar system that is part of the ISO 8601 date and time standard. The system is used (mainly) in government and business for fiscal years, as
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Astronomical year numbering is based on AD/CE year numbering, but follows normal decimal integer numbering more strictly. Thus, it has a year 0 and the years before that are designated with a minus sign '−'. The era designations AD/CE are dropped.
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Revised Julian calendar or, less formally, New Calendar, is a calendar scheme, originated in 1923, which effectively discontinued the 340 years of divergence between the naming of dates sanctioned by those Eastern Orthodox churches adopting it and the Gregorian calendar
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lunisolar calendar is a calendar in many cultures whose date indicates both the moon phase and the time of the solar year. If the solar year is defined as a tropical year then a lunisolar calendar will give an indication of the season; if it is taken as a sidereal year then the
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solar calendar is a calendar whose dates indicate the position of the earth on its revolution around the sun (or equivalently the apparent position of the sun moving on the celestial sphere).
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lunar calendar is a calendar in many cultures that is oriented at the moon phase.
This is normally done by having a month which corresponds to a lunation so that the day of month indicates the moon phase. If a calendar tracks the seasons, it is also a lunisolar calendar.
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This is normally done by having a month which corresponds to a lunation so that the day of month indicates the moon phase. If a calendar tracks the seasons, it is also a lunisolar calendar.
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Armenian calendar uses the Armenian numerals. It begins in AD 552 as the start of the Armenian era.
Dates are marked by the letters ԹՎ
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Dates are marked by the letters ԹՎ
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Bengali calendar (Bengali: বঙ্গাব্দ Bônggabdo or বাংলা সন Bangla Shôn
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Berber calendar is the annual calendar used by Berber people in North Africa. This calendar is also known in Arabic under the name of فلاحي fellāḥī "agricultural" or عجمي ajamī "not Arabic".
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Buddhist calendar is used on mainland Southeast Asia in the countries of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar (formerly Burma) and Sri Lanka in several related forms. It is a lunisolar calendar having months that are alternately 29 and 30 days, with an intercalated day and a 30-day
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Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is used by the Coptic Orthodox Church. This calendar is based on the ancient Egyptian calendar. To avoid the calendar creep of the latter, a reform of the ancient Egyptian calendar was introduced at the time of Ptolemy
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Ethiopian calendar (Amharic: የኢትዮጵያ ዘመን አቆጣጠር ye'Ītyōṗṗyā zemen āḳoṭaṭer), also called the
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Hebrew calendar (Hebrew: הלוח העברי) or Jewish calendar is the calendar used by Jews for religious purposes.
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Hindu calendar used in ancient times has undergone many changes in the process of regionalization, and today there are several regional Indian calendars, as well as an Indian national calendar. In Pakistan it is called 'desi' or native calendar.
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Indian national calendar (sometimes called Saka calendar) is the official civil calendar in use in India. It is used, alongside the Gregorian calendar, by the Gazette of India, news broadcasts by All India Radio, and calendars and communications issued by the Government of
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Iranian calendar (Persian: سالنمای هجری خورشیدی) also known as Persian calendar or the Jalāli Calendar
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Irish calendar does not observe the typical astronomical seasons (beginning, in the Northern Hemisphere, on the equinoxes and solstices), or the meteorological seasons (beginning on March 1, June 1, September 1 and December 1), but rather centres the seasons around the solstices
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1948 - The following national holidays were introduced: New Year's Day, Coming-of-Age Day, Constitution Memorial Day, Children's Day, Autumnal Equinox Day, Culture Day, Labour Thanksgiving Day.
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This article or section may be confusing or unclear for some readers.
Please [improve the article] or discuss this issue on the talk page. This article has been tagged since December 2006.
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Please [improve the article] or discuss this issue on the talk page. This article has been tagged since December 2006.
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Malayalam calendar (also known as Malayalam Era or Kollavarsham) is a solar Sidereal calendar used in the state of Kerala in South India. The Era started in the year 825 AD.
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The Maya calendar is a system of distinct calendars and almanacs used by the Maya civilization of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, and by some modern Maya communities in highland Guatemala.
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Nanakshahi (Punjabi: ਨਾਨਕਸ਼ਾਹੀ,
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Bikram Samwat (Bikram Sambat, Devnagari:बिक्रम संवत, abbreviated "B.S.") is the calendar established by Indian emperor Vikramaditya. It is official calendar of Nepal.
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Nepal Sambat (Nepal Bhasa: नेपाल सम्बत) is a lunar calendar. It was initiated by Sankhadhar Sakhwa to commemorate the pay back of all the debts of Nepalese people.
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Tamil Calendar is used in Tamil Nadu in India, and by the Tamil population in Malaysia, Singapore and Sri Lanka. Its use is now largely restricted to cultural and religious events, with the Gregorian calendar having supplanted it for official use both within and outside India.
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Thai lunar calendar or Patitin Chantarakati (Thai: ปฏิทินจันทรคติ) was replaced by the Thai solar calendar Patitin Suriyakati
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