Information about Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar
Generalised phrase structure grammar (GPSG) is a framework for describing the syntax and semantics of natural languages. GPSG was initially developed in the late 1970s by Gerald Gazdar. Other contributors include Ewan Klein, Ivan Sag, and Geoffrey Pullum. Their book Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar, published in 1985, is the main monograph on GPSG, especially as it applies to English syntax.
One of the chief goals of GPSG is to show that the syntax of natural languages can be described by context-free grammars (CFGs), with some suitable conventions intended to make writing such grammars easier for syntacticians. Among these conventions are a sophisticated feature structure system and so-called "meta-rules", which are rules generating the productions of a context-free grammar. GPSG further augments syntactic descriptions with semantic annotations that can be used to compute the compositional meaning of a sentence from its syntactic derivation tree. However, it has been argued (for example by Robert Berwick) that these extensions require parsing algorithms of a higher order of computational complexity than those used for basic CFGs.
Gerald Gazdar, and many other syntacticians, have since argued that natural languages cannot in fact be adequately described by CFGs [1].
GPSG is in part a reaction against transformational theories of syntax. In fact, the notational extensions to context-free grammars developed in GPSG are claimed to make transformations redundant. Most of the syntactic innovations of GPSG were subsequently incorporated into head-driven phrase structure grammar.
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One of the chief goals of GPSG is to show that the syntax of natural languages can be described by context-free grammars (CFGs), with some suitable conventions intended to make writing such grammars easier for syntacticians. Among these conventions are a sophisticated feature structure system and so-called "meta-rules", which are rules generating the productions of a context-free grammar. GPSG further augments syntactic descriptions with semantic annotations that can be used to compute the compositional meaning of a sentence from its syntactic derivation tree. However, it has been argued (for example by Robert Berwick) that these extensions require parsing algorithms of a higher order of computational complexity than those used for basic CFGs.
Gerald Gazdar, and many other syntacticians, have since argued that natural languages cannot in fact be adequately described by CFGs [1].
GPSG is in part a reaction against transformational theories of syntax. In fact, the notational extensions to context-free grammars developed in GPSG are claimed to make transformations redundant. Most of the syntactic innovations of GPSG were subsequently incorporated into head-driven phrase structure grammar.
References
- Gazdar, Gerald; Ewan H. Klein, Geoffrey K. Pullum, Ivan A. Sag (1985). Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar. Oxford: Blackwell, and Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-34455-3.
See also
External links
- Gerald Gazdar's homepage, containing links to publications on GPSG.
In computer science, SYNTAX is a system used to generate lexical and syntactic analyzers (parsers) (both deterministic and non-deterministic) for all kind of context-free grammars
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Gerald Gazdar (born February 24, 1950) is a linguist and computer scientist.
He graduated from the University of East Anglia in 1970, and completed his master's degree in 1972 at the University of Reading, where he also received his PhD in 1976.
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He graduated from the University of East Anglia in 1970, and completed his master's degree in 1972 at the University of Reading, where he also received his PhD in 1976.
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Ivan Sag (born November 9, 1949 in Alliance, Ohio) is a professor of linguistics at Stanford University.
With Carl Pollard, he has written several books that introduce and develop the syntactic theory known as head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG).
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With Carl Pollard, he has written several books that introduce and develop the syntactic theory known as head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG).
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Professor Geoffrey K. Pullum (born March 8, 1945 in Irvine, Scotland) is a linguist specialising in the study of English. (The surname Pullum is pronounced ['pʊləm].
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20th century - 21st century
1950s 1960s 1970s - 1980s - 1990s 2000s 2010s
1982 1983 1984 - 1985 - 1986 1987 1988
Year 1985 (MCMLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar).
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1950s 1960s 1970s - 1980s - 1990s 2000s 2010s
1982 1983 1984 - 1985 - 1986 1987 1988
Year 1985 (MCMLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar).
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In formal language theory, a context-free grammar (CFG) is a grammar in which every production rule is of the form
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- V → w
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feature structure is essentially a set of attribute-value pairs. For example the attribute named number might have the value singular. The value of an attribute may be either atomic, e.g.
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parsing (more formally syntactic analysis) is the process of analyzing a sequence of tokens to determine its grammatical structure with respect to a given formal grammar. A parser is the component of a compiler that carries out this task.
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As a branch of the theory of computation in computer science, computational complexity theory investigates the problems related to the amounts of resources required for the execution of algorithms (e.g.
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In linguistics, a transformational grammar, or transformational-generative grammar (TGG), is a grammar, especially of a natural language, that has been developed in a Chomskian tradition.
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Head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG) is a highly lexicalized, non-derivational generative grammar theory developed by Carl Pollard and Ivan Sag (1985). It is the immediate successor to generalized phrase structure grammar.
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Lexical functional grammar (LFG) is a grammar framework in theoretical linguistics, a variety of generative grammar. The development of the theory was initiated by Joan Bresnan and Ronald Kaplan in the 1970s, in reaction to the direction research in the area of transformational
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In linguistics, a transformational grammar, or transformational-generative grammar (TGG), is a grammar, especially of a natural language, that has been developed in a Chomskian tradition.
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