Information about Galloanserae
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The birds referred to as "fowl" belong to one of two orders, namely the gamefowl or landfowl (Galliformes) and the waterfowl (Anseriformes). Interestingly, studies of anatomical and molecular similarities suggest these two groups were close evolutionary relatives; together, they form the fowl clade which is scientifically known as Galloanserae.<ref name="">Sibley, C. G., Ahlquist, J. E. & Monroe, B. L. (1988). "A classification of the living birds of the world based on DNA-DNA hybridization studies." Auk, 105: 409-423.
"Poultry", on the other hand, is a term for any kind of domesticated bird or bird captive-raised for meat or eggs; ostriches for example are sometimes kept as poultry, but are neither gamefowl nor waterfowl. In colloquial speech, the term "fowl" is however often used near-synonymously with "poultry" or even "bird", and many languages do not distinguish between "poultry" and "fowl". Nonetheless, the fact that Galliformes and Anseriformes most likely form a monophyletic group makes a distinction between "fowl" and "poultry" warranted.
Many birds that are eaten by humans are fowl, including poultry such as chickens or turkeys, game birds such as pheasants or partridges, other wildfowl like guineafowl or peafowl, and waterfowl such as ducks or geese.
Fowl were the first neognathe lineages to evolve. From the limited fossils that have to date been recovered, the conclusion that they were already widespread - indeed the predominant group of modern birds - by end of the Cretaceous is generally accepted nowadays. Fossils such as Vegavis indicate that essentially modern waterfowl - albeit belonging to a nowadays extinct lineage - were contemporaries of the (non-avian) dinosaurs. As opposed to the morphologically fairly conservative Galliformes, the Anseriformes have adapted to filter-feeding and are characterized by a large number of autapomorphies related to this lifestyle. The extremely advanced feeding systems of the Anseriformes, together with similarities of the early anseriform Presbyornis to shorebirds, had formerly prompted some scientists to ally Anseriformes with Charadriiformes instead[1][2] (see also "Graculavidae"). However, strong support for the Galloanserae has emerged in more recent studies based on new molecular and morphological analyses; the fowl clade continues to be accepted as a genuine evolutionary lineage by the vast majority of scientists.[3]
See also
- at EvoWiki.
References
1. ^ Benson, D. (1999). "Presbyornis isoni and other late Paleocene birds from North Dakota." In: Olson, S. L. (ed.), Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 89: 253-266
2. ^ Feduccia, A. (1999). The Origin and Evolution of Birds, Second Edition. Yale University Press, New Haven
3. ^ Chubb, A. (2004). "New nuclear evidence for the oldest divergence among neognath birds: the phylogenetic utility of ZENK (i)." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 30: 140-151
2. ^ Feduccia, A. (1999). The Origin and Evolution of Birds, Second Edition. Yale University Press, New Haven
3. ^ Chubb, A. (2004). "New nuclear evidence for the oldest divergence among neognath birds: the phylogenetic utility of ZENK (i)." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 30: 140-151
chicken (Gallus gallus) is a type of domesticated fowl, believed to be descended from the wild Indian and south-east Asian Red Junglefowl.
The chicken is one of the most common and wide-spread domestic animals.
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The chicken is one of the most common and wide-spread domestic animals.
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Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. Scientific classification also can be called scientific taxonomy, but should be distinguished from folk taxonomy, which lacks scientific basis.
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Chordata
Bateson, 1885
Typical Classes
See below
Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates.
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Bateson, 1885
Typical Classes
See below
Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates.
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Aves
Linnaeus, 1758
Orders
About two dozen - see section below
Birds (class Aves) are bipedal, warm-blooded, egg-laying vertebrate animals.
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Linnaeus, 1758
Orders
About two dozen - see section below
Birds (class Aves) are bipedal, warm-blooded, egg-laying vertebrate animals.
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Neornithes
Gadow, 1893
Superorders
Paleognathae
Neognathae
Modern birds (subclass Neornithes) are the members of class Aves that have survived into recent times and have coexisted with humans.
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Gadow, 1893
Superorders
Paleognathae
Neognathae
Modern birds (subclass Neornithes) are the members of class Aves that have survived into recent times and have coexisted with humans.
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order (Latin: ordo, plural ordines) is a rank between class and family (termed a taxon at that rank). The superorder is a rank between class and order. Exact details of formal nomenclature depend on the Nomenclature Code which applies.
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Galliformes
Temminck, 1820
Families
Megapodiidae
Numididae
Odontophoridae
Phasianidae
Meleagrididae
Tetraonidae
Cracidae
(?)Mesitornithidae
Galliformes
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Temminck, 1820
Families
Megapodiidae
Numididae
Odontophoridae
Phasianidae
Meleagrididae
Tetraonidae
Cracidae
(?)Mesitornithidae
Galliformes
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Anseriformes
Wagler, 1831
Families
The order Anseriformes
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Wagler, 1831
Families
- Anhimidae
- Anseranatidae
- Anatidae
- †Dromornithidae
- †Presbyornithidae
- †Gastornidae(?)
The order Anseriformes
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order (Latin: ordo, plural ordines) is a rank between class and family (termed a taxon at that rank). The superorder is a rank between class and order. Exact details of formal nomenclature depend on the Nomenclature Code which applies.
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Galliformes
Temminck, 1820
Families
Megapodiidae
Numididae
Odontophoridae
Phasianidae
Meleagrididae
Tetraonidae
Cracidae
(?)Mesitornithidae
Galliformes
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Temminck, 1820
Families
Megapodiidae
Numididae
Odontophoridae
Phasianidae
Meleagrididae
Tetraonidae
Cracidae
(?)Mesitornithidae
Galliformes
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Anseriformes
Wagler, 1831
Families
The order Anseriformes
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Wagler, 1831
Families
- Anhimidae
- Anseranatidae
- Anatidae
- †Dromornithidae
- †Presbyornithidae
- †Gastornidae(?)
The order Anseriformes
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Poultry is the category of domesticated birds kept for meat, eggs, and feathers. These most typically are members of the order Galliformes (which includes chickens and turkeys) and the family Anatidae (in order Anseriformes), commonly known as "waterfowl" (e.g.
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Domestication refers to the process whereby a population of animals or plants becomes accustomed to human provision and control. Humans have brought these populations under their care for a wide range of reasons: to produce food or valuable commodities (such as wool, cotton, or
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Struthionidae
Vigors, 1825
Genus: Struthio
Linnaeus, 1758
Species: S.
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Vigors, 1825
Genus: Struthio
Linnaeus, 1758
Species: S.
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In phylogenetics, a group is monophyletic (Greek: "of one race") if it consists of an inferred common ancestor and all its descendants. A taxonomic group that contains organisms but not their common ancestor is called polyphyletic, and a group that contains some but not all
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Poultry is the category of domesticated birds kept for meat, eggs, and feathers. These most typically are members of the order Galliformes (which includes chickens and turkeys) and the family Anatidae (in order Anseriformes), commonly known as "waterfowl" (e.g.
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chicken (Gallus gallus) is a type of domesticated fowl, believed to be descended from the wild Indian and south-east Asian Red Junglefowl.
The chicken is one of the most common and wide-spread domestic animals.
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The chicken is one of the most common and wide-spread domestic animals.
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Meleagridinae
Gray, 1840
Genus: Meleagris
Linnaeus, 1758
Species
M. gallopavo
M. ocellata
A turkey is either one of two species of large birds in the genus
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Gray, 1840
Genus: Meleagris
Linnaeus, 1758
Species
M. gallopavo
M. ocellata
A turkey is either one of two species of large birds in the genus
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Game is any animal hunted for food or not normally domesticated (such as venison). Game animals are also hunted for sport.
The type and range of animals hunted for food varies in different parts of the world.
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The type and range of animals hunted for food varies in different parts of the world.
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Pheasants are a group of large birds in the order Galliformes.
Pheasant are characterised by strong sexual dimorphism, with males being highly ornate with bright colours and adornments such as wattles and long tails.
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Pheasant are characterised by strong sexual dimorphism, with males being highly ornate with bright colours and adornments such as wattles and long tails.
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Partridges are birds in the pheasant family, Phasianidae. They are a non-migratory Old World group.
These are medium-sized birds intermediate between the larger pheasants and the smaller quails. The partridges are ground-nesting seed-eaters.
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These are medium-sized birds intermediate between the larger pheasants and the smaller quails. The partridges are ground-nesting seed-eaters.
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Numididae
de Sélys Longchamps, 1842
Genera
The guineafowl
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de Sélys Longchamps, 1842
Genera
- Agelastes
- Numida
- Guttera
- Acryllium
The guineafowl
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Pavo
Linnaeus, 1758
Species
Pavo cristatus
Pavo muticus
The term peafowl can refer to the two species of bird in the genus Pavo of the pheasant family, Phasianidae.
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Linnaeus, 1758
Species
Pavo cristatus
Pavo muticus
The term peafowl can refer to the two species of bird in the genus Pavo of the pheasant family, Phasianidae.
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Waterfowl are certain wildfowl of the order Anseriformes, especially members of the family Anatidae, which includes ducks, geese, and swans.
They are strong swimmers with medium to large bodies.
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They are strong swimmers with medium to large bodies.
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Duck is the common name for a number of species in the Anatidae family of birds. The ducks are divided between several subfamilies listed in full in the Anatidae article. Ducks are mostly aquatic birds, mostly smaller than their relatives the swans and geese, and may be found in
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