Information about Fructosamine
Fructosamine is a compound which can be considered as the result of a reaction between fructose and ammonia or an amine (with a molecule of water being released). A fructosamine is also formed when carbonyl group of glucose reacts with an amino group of a protein, as the double bond to oxygen moves from the end carbon atom to the next carbon atom and water is released. Fructosamines formed from blood proteins such as serum albumin are known as Glycated Serum Protein (GSP) or Glycated Albumin, and are used to identify the plasma glucose concentration over time and so assess diabetic control.[1]
Approximately each change of 3.3 mmol (60 mg/dl) in average blood sugar levels will give rise to changes of 2% HbA1c and 75 µmol fructosamine values.[2]
Indications
More commonly diabetics have their glucose control assessed with the Glycosylated hemoglobin measurement that assesses average glucose levels over the preceding 6 weeks; as reflected by the permanent glycosylation of a small fraction of the hemoglobin molecules in their blood. However, this is not appropriate where there has been a recent change in diet or treatment within 6 weeks, nor if there are abnormalities of red blood cell aging process or mix of hemoglobin subtypes (predominantly HbA in normal adults). Hence people with recent blood loss or hemolytic anemia, or hemoglobinopathy such as sickle-cell disease are not suitable for some glycosylated hemoglobin methods that do not account for higher-turnover hemoglobin. Fructosamine is used in these circumstances, as it also reflects an average of blood glucose levels, but over a shorter period of 2 to 3 weeks. Fructosamine is also of use in conditions, such as pregnancy, in which hormonal changes cause greater short-term fluctuation in glucose concentrations.Interpretation of results
There is no standard reference range available for this test. The reference values depends upon the factors of patient age, gender, sample population and test method. Hence each laboratory reports will include their specific reference range for the test. An increase in fructosamine in lab testing results usually means an increase in glucose in the blood.Approximately each change of 3.3 mmol (60 mg/dl) in average blood sugar levels will give rise to changes of 2% HbA1c and 75 µmol fructosamine values.[2]
See also
Footnotes
1. ^ Delpierre G, Collard F, Fortpied J and Van Sschaftingen E (2002). "Fructosamine 3-kinase is involved in an intracellular deglycation pathway in human erythrocytes" (PDF). Biochem. J. 365: 801-8.
2. ^ Bartol T (December 1, 2000). Comparison of Blood Glucose, HbA1c, and Fructosamine. Retrieved on 2007-06-04. - gives a comparison chart and cites following source:
2. ^ Bartol T (December 1, 2000). Comparison of Blood Glucose, HbA1c, and Fructosamine. Retrieved on 2007-06-04. - gives a comparison chart and cites following source:
- Nathan DM, Singer DE, Hurxthal K, Goodson JD (1984). "The clinical information value of the glycosylated hemoglobin assay". N. Engl. J. Med. 310 (6): 341-6. PMID 6690962.
Fructose (or levulose) is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) found in many foods and is one of the three most important blood sugars along with glucose and galactose. Honey, tree fruits, berries, melons, and some root vegetables, such as beets, sweet potatoes, parsnips, and
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Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH3. It is normally encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent odor. Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of the planet as a precursor to foodstuffs and fertilizers.
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Amines are organic compounds and a type of functional group that contain nitrogen as the key atom. Structurally amines resemble ammonia, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups.
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carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom : C=O.
The term carbonyl can also refer to carbon monoxide as a ligand in an inorganic or organometallic complex (a metal carbonyl, e.g.
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The term carbonyl can also refer to carbon monoxide as a ligand in an inorganic or organometallic complex (a metal carbonyl, e.g.
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Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar), is an important carbohydrate in biology. The living cell uses it as a source of energy and metabolic intermediate.
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Amines are organic compounds and a type of functional group that contain nitrogen as the key atom. Structurally amines resemble ammonia, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups.
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Covalent bonding is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms, or between atoms and other covalent bonds.
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Serum albumin, often referred to simply as albumin, is the most abundant plasma protein in humans and other mammals. Albumin is essential for maintaining the osmotic pressure needed for proper distribution of body fluids between intravascular compartments and body tissues.
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Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. It makes up about 55% of total blood volume. Blood plasma is prepared simply by spinning a tube of fresh blood in a centrifuge until the blood cells fall to the bottom of the tube.
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Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar), is an important carbohydrate in biology. The living cell uses it as a source of energy and metabolic intermediate.
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In chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance. This can apply to any sort of chemical mixture, but most frequently the concept is limited to homogeneous solutions, where it refers to the amount of
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Diabetes mellitus
Classification & external resources
ICD-10 E 10. –E 14.
ICD-9 250
MedlinePlus 001214
eMedicine med/546 emerg/134
MeSH C18.452.394.
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Classification & external resources
ICD-10 E 10. –E 14.
ICD-9 250
MedlinePlus 001214
eMedicine med/546 emerg/134
MeSH C18.452.394.
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Diabetes mellitus
Classification & external resources
ICD-10 E 10. –E 14.
ICD-9 250
MedlinePlus 001214
eMedicine med/546 emerg/134
MeSH C18.452.394.
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Classification & external resources
ICD-10 E 10. –E 14.
ICD-9 250
MedlinePlus 001214
eMedicine med/546 emerg/134
MeSH C18.452.394.
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Diabetes mellitus type 1
Classification & external resources
ICD-10 E10
ICD-9 250.x1, 250.x3
OMIM 222100
DiseasesDB 3649
MedlinePlus 000305
eMedicine med/546
MeSH D003922 Diabetes mellitus type 1
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Classification & external resources
ICD-10 E10
ICD-9 250.x1, 250.x3
OMIM 222100
DiseasesDB 3649
MedlinePlus 000305
eMedicine med/546
MeSH D003922 Diabetes mellitus type 1
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Diabetes mellitus type 2 (formerly called diabetes mellitus type II, non insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM), obesity related diabetes, or adult-onset diabetes) is a metabolic disorder that is primarily characterized by insulin resistance, relative insulin deficiency, and
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Gestational diabetes
Classification & external resources
ICD-10 O 24.
ICD-9 648.8
MedlinePlus 000896
Gestational diabetes (GDM) is a form of diabetes which affects pregnant women who have never had diabetes before.
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Classification & external resources
ICD-10 O 24.
ICD-9 648.8
MedlinePlus 000896
Gestational diabetes (GDM) is a form of diabetes which affects pregnant women who have never had diabetes before.
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Impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) is a pre-diabetic state of dysglycemia, associated with insulin resistance and increased risk cardiovascular pathology, although of lesser risk than Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).
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MeSH D018149 Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) is a pre-diabetic state of dysglycemia, that is associated with insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular pathology. IGT may precede type 2 diabetes mellitus by many years. IGT is also a risk factor for mortality.
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320 (7246): 1373–8. PMID 10818026.
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271 (18): 1421-8.
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Anti-diabetic drugs treat diabetes mellitus by lowering glucose levels in the blood. With the exceptions of insulin, exenatide, and pramlintide, all are administered orally and are thus also called oral hypoglycemic agents.
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Conventional insulinotherapy is a therapeutic regimen for treatment of diabetes mellitus which contrasts with the newer intensive insulinotherapy.
This older method (prior to the development of long-acting insulin analogs and blood glucose monitoring) is still in use in a
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This older method (prior to the development of long-acting insulin analogs and blood glucose monitoring) is still in use in a
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Intensive insulinotherapy is a therapeutic regimen for diabetes mellitus treatment. This newer approach contrasts with conventional insulinotherapy. Rather than minimize the number of insulin injections per day (a technique which demands a rigid schedule for food and activities),
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MeSH D002318 Cardiovascular disease refers to the class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels (arteries and veins). While the term technically refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, it is usually used to refer to those related to
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Diabetic coma
Classification & external resources
ICD-10 E10.0, E11.0, E12.0, E13.0, E14.0
ICD-9 250.2 , 250.3
Diabetic coma is a medical emergency in which a person with diabetes mellitus is comatose (unconscious) because of one of the acute
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Classification & external resources
ICD-10 E10.0, E11.0, E12.0, E13.0, E14.0
ICD-9 250.2 , 250.3
Diabetic coma is a medical emergency in which a person with diabetes mellitus is comatose (unconscious) because of one of the acute
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Diabetic hypoglycemia
Classification & external resources
ICD-9 250.8
Diabetic hypoglycemia describes a low blood glucose level occurring in a person with diabetes mellitus.
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Classification & external resources
ICD-9 250.8
Diabetic hypoglycemia describes a low blood glucose level occurring in a person with diabetes mellitus.
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Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication in patients with untreated diabetes mellitus (chronic high blood sugar or hyperglycemia). Near complete deficiency of insulin and elevated levels of certain stress hormones combine to cause DKA.
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MeSH D006944 Nonketotic hyperosmolar coma (nonketotic hyperglycaemia) is a type of diabetic coma associated with a high mortality seen in diabetes mellitus type 2. The preferred term used by the American Diabetes Association is hyperosmolar nonketotic state (HNS).
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119 (3): 66-9. PMID 17128647.
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MeSH D003928 Diabetic nephropathy (nephropatia diabetica), also known as Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome and intercapillary glomerulonephritis, is a progressive kidney disease caused by angiopathy of capillaries in the kidney glomeruli.
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