Information about Forearm
| Upper limb, forearm pronated. The forearm is the part of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist. | |
| Latin | antebrachium |
| MeSH | Forearm |
| Dorlands/Elsevier | a_45/12138967 |
For the firearm component, see .
The forearm is the structure on the upper limb, between the elbow and the wrist.[1]. This term is used in anatomy to distinguish it from the arm (or upper arm).
The human forearm
The forearm contains two long bones, the radius and the ulna, forming the radioulnar joint. The interosseous membrane connects these bones. Ultimately, the forearm is covered by skin, the anterior surface usually being less hairy than the posterior surface.The forearm contains many muscles, including the flexors and extensors of the digits, a flexor of the elbow (brachioradialis), and pronators and supinators that turn the hand to face down or upwards, respectively. In cross-section the forearm can be divided into two fascial compartments. The posterior compartment contains the extensors of the hands, which are supplied by the radial nerve. The anterior compartment contains the flexors, and is mainly supplied by the median nerve. The ulnar nerve also runs the length of the forearm.
The radial and ulnar arteries, and their branches, supply the blood to the forearm. These usually run on the anterior face of the radius and ulna down the whole forearm. The main superficial veins of the forearm are the cephalic, median antebrachial and the basilic vein. These veins can be used for cannularisation or venipuncture, although the cubital fossa is a preferred site for getting blood.
Anatomy
Bones
Joints
- proximal to forearm
- elbow
- in the forearm
- proximal radioulnar joint
- distal radioulnar joint
- distal to forearm
- wrist
Muscles
- See also: Muscle table#ARM
| Compartment | Level | Muscle | E/I | Nerve |
| Anterior | superficial | flexor carpi radialis | E | median |
| Anterior | superficial | palmaris longus | E | median |
| Anterior | superficial | flexor carpi ulnaris | E | ulnar |
| Anterior | superficial | pronator teres | I | median |
| Anterior | superficial (or intermediate) | flexor digitorum superficialis (sublimis) | E | median |
| Anterior | deep | flexor digitorum profundus | E | ulnar + median |
| Anterior | deep | flexor pollicis longus | E | median |
| Anterior | deep | pronator quadratus | I | median |
| Posterior | (see below) | brachioradialis | I | radial |
| Posterior | superficial | extensor carpi radialis longus | E | radial |
| Posterior | superficial | extensor carpi radialis brevis | E | radial |
| Posterior | intermediate | extensor digitorum (communis) | E | radial |
| Posterior | intermediate | extensor digiti minimi (proprius) | E | radial |
| Posterior | superficial | extensor carpi ulnaris | E | radial |
| Posterior | deep | abductor pollicis longus | E | radial |
| Posterior | deep | extensor pollicis brevis | E | radial |
| Posterior | deep | extensor pollicis longus | E | radial |
| Posterior | deep | extensor indicis (proprius) | E | radial |
| Posterior | deep | supinator | I | radial |
| Posterior | deep | anconeus | I | radial |
- "E/I" refers to "extrinsic" or "intrinsic". In most cases, the extrinsic anterior muscles are flexors of the hand and wrist. The extrinsic muscles of the forearm act upon the hand and wrist. In most cases, the extrinsic anterior muscles are flexors, while the extrinsic posterior muscles are extensors.
- The Brachioradialis, flexor of the forearm, is unusual in that it is located in the posterior compartment, but it is actually in the anterior portion of the forearm.
Nerves
(See separate nerve articles for details on divisions proximal to the elbow and distal to the wrist; see Brachial plexus for the origins of the median, radial and ulnar nerves)- Median nerve - principle nerve of the anterior compartment (PT, FCR, PL, FDS).
- anterior interosseous nerve (supplies FPL, lat. 1/2 of FDP, PQ).
- Radial nerve - supplies muscles of the posterior compartment (ECRL, ECRB).
- Superficial branch of radial nerve
- Deep branch of radial nerve, becomes Posterior interosseus nerve and supplies muscles of the posterior compartment (ED, EDM, ECU, APL, EPB, EPL, EI).
- Ulnar nerve - supplies some medial muscles (FCU, med. 1/2 of FDP).
Vessels
- brachial artery
- radial artery
- radial recurrent artery
- ulnar artery
- anterior ulnar recurrent artery and posterior ulnar recurrent artery
- common interosseous artery
- posterior interosseous artery
- anterior interosseous artery
Other structures
Additional images
Superficial muscles of the forearm | Deep muscles of the forearm | Cross-section through the middle of the forearm. |
References
External links
Human anatomical features |
|---|
HEAD: Skull - Forehead – Eye – Ear – Nose – Mouth – Tongue – Teeth – Jaw – Face – Cheek – Chin
)
NECK: Throat - Larynx – Adam's apple
TORSO: Shoulders – Spine – Breast – Chest – Ribcage – Abdomen – Navel
LIMBS: Arm – Elbow – Forearm – Wrist – Hand – Finger (Thumb/Index/Middle/Ring/Little) – Leg – Lap – Thigh – Knee – Calf – Heel – Ankle – Foot – Toe (Hallux)
SKIN: Hair |
General anatomy of upper limbs | |
|---|---|
| Arm |
Clavipectoral triangle
spaces (Quadrangular space, Triangular space, Triangular interval)
Axilla
Axillary sheath
Anterior axillary fold
fascia (Axillary, Brachial)
compartment of arm (Posterior, Anterior)
intermuscular septa (Lateral, Medial)
|
| Forearm |
Cubital fossa (Bicipital aponeurosis)
common tendons (Extensor, Flexor)
Interosseous membrane of the forearm
compartment of forearm (Posterior, Anterior)
Antebrachial fascia
Carpal tunnel
|
| Hand |
Anatomical snuff box
reticula of the hand (Extensor, Flexor)
Finger
Extensor expansion
Palmar aponeurosis
|
In human anatomy, the upper limb (also upper extremity) refers to what in common English is known as the arm, that is, the region of the shoulder to the fingertips. It includes the entire limb, and thus, is not synonymous with the term upper arm.
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elbow-joint is a ginglymus or hinge joint. Three bones form the elbow joint: the humerus of the upper arm, and the paired radius and ulna of the forearm.
The bony prominence at the very tip of the elbow is the olecranon process of the ulna.
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The bony prominence at the very tip of the elbow is the olecranon process of the ulna.
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wrist is the flexible and narrower connection between the forearm and the palm. The wrist is essentially a double row of small short bones, called carpals, intertwined to form a malleable hinge.
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Latin}}}
Official status
Official language of: Vatican City
Used for official purposes, but not spoken in everyday speech
Regulated by: Opus Fundatum Latinitas
Roman Catholic Church
Language codes
ISO 639-1: la
ISO 639-2: lat
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Official status
Official language of: Vatican City
Used for official purposes, but not spoken in everyday speech
Regulated by: Opus Fundatum Latinitas
Roman Catholic Church
Language codes
ISO 639-1: la
ISO 639-2: lat
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Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. Created and updated by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), it is used by the MEDLINE/PubMed
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Elsevier, the world's largest publisher of medical and scientific literature, forms part of the Reed Elsevier group. Based in Amsterdam, the company has substantial operations in the UK, USA and elsewhere.
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In human anatomy, the upper limb (also upper extremity) refers to what in common English is known as the arm, that is, the region of the shoulder to the fingertips. It includes the entire limb, and thus, is not synonymous with the term upper arm.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
elbow-joint is a ginglymus or hinge joint. Three bones form the elbow joint: the humerus of the upper arm, and the paired radius and ulna of the forearm.
The bony prominence at the very tip of the elbow is the olecranon process of the ulna.
..... Click the link for more information.
The bony prominence at the very tip of the elbow is the olecranon process of the ulna.
..... Click the link for more information.
wrist is the flexible and narrower connection between the forearm and the palm. The wrist is essentially a double row of small short bones, called carpals, intertwined to form a malleable hinge.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Anatomy (from the Greek ἀνατομία anatomia, from ἀνατέμνειν
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Bones are rigid organs that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They function to move, support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells and store minerals.
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The radius is the bone of the forearm that extends from the outside of the limb to the phlangx (lateral) of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist. The radius is situated on the lateral side of the ulna, which exceeds it in length and size.
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The ulna (elbow bone) is a long bone, prismatic in form, placed at the medial side of the forearm, parallel with the radius.
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Articulations
The ulna articulates with:- the humerus, at the right side elbow as a hinge joint.
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An interosseous membrane is a broad and thin plane of fibrous tissue that separates many of the bones of the body. It is an important component of many joints.
Interosseous membranes in the human body:
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Interosseous membranes in the human body:
- Interosseous membrane of the forearm
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Brachioradialis is a muscle of the forearm that acts to flex the forearm at the elbow. It is also capable of both pronation and supination, depending on the position of the forearm.
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fascial compartments, and are formed by tough connective tissue septa.
These compartments usually have a separate nerve and blood supply to their neighbours. The muscles in each compartment will often all be supplied by the same nerve.
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These compartments usually have a separate nerve and blood supply to their neighbours. The muscles in each compartment will often all be supplied by the same nerve.
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The radial nerve is a nerve in the human body that supplies the triceps brachii muscle of the arm, as well as all 12 muscles in the posterior osteofascial compartment of the forearm.
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The median nerve is a nerve that runs down the arm and forearm. It is one of the five main nerves originating from the brachial plexus.
The median nerve is formed from parts of the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus, and continues down the arm to enter the
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The median nerve is formed from parts of the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus, and continues down the arm to enter the
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In human anatomy, the ulnar nerve is a nerve which runs from the shoulder to the hand, at one part running near the ulna bone. It is the only exposed nerve in the human body (it is unprotected for a few centimeters at the elbow).
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In human anatomy, the radial artery is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the lateral aspect of the forearm.
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Course
The radial artery arises from the bifurcation of the brachial artery in the cubital fossa...... Click the link for more information.
The ulnar artery is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the medial aspect of the forearm. It arises from the brachial artery and terminates in the superficial palmar arch, which joins with the superficial branch of the radial artery.
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In human anatomy, the cephalic vein is a superficial vein of the upper limb.
It communicates with the basilic vein via the median cubital vein at the elbow and is located in the superficial fascia along the anterolateral surface of the biceps brachii muscle.
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It communicates with the basilic vein via the median cubital vein at the elbow and is located in the superficial fascia along the anterolateral surface of the biceps brachii muscle.
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The median antebrachial vein drains the venous plexus on the volar surface of the hand.
It ascends on the ulnar side of the front of the forearm and ends in the basilic vein or in the vena mediana cubiti; in a small proportion of cases it divides into two branches, one of
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It ascends on the ulnar side of the front of the forearm and ends in the basilic vein or in the vena mediana cubiti; in a small proportion of cases it divides into two branches, one of
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In human anatomy, the basilic vein is a large superficial vein of the upper limb that helps drain parts of hand and forearm. It originates on the medial (ulnar) side of the dorsal venous network of the hand, and it travels up the base of the forearm and arm.
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In medicine venipuncture or venepuncture (also known as phlebotomy, venesection, blood draw, drawing blood or taking blood) is the process of obtaining a sample of venous blood.
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The cubital fossa is the triangular area on the anterior view of the elbow joint of the arm.
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Boundaries
The boundaries of the cubital fossa include the following:..... Click the link for more information.
The radius is the bone of the forearm that extends from the outside of the limb to the phlangx (lateral) of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist. The radius is situated on the lateral side of the ulna, which exceeds it in length and size.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The ulna (elbow bone) is a long bone, prismatic in form, placed at the medial side of the forearm, parallel with the radius.
..... Click the link for more information.
Articulations
The ulna articulates with:- the humerus, at the right side elbow as a hinge joint.
..... Click the link for more information.
elbow-joint is a ginglymus or hinge joint. Three bones form the elbow joint: the humerus of the upper arm, and the paired radius and ulna of the forearm.
The bony prominence at the very tip of the elbow is the olecranon process of the ulna.
..... Click the link for more information.
The bony prominence at the very tip of the elbow is the olecranon process of the ulna.
..... Click the link for more information.
The proximal radioulnar articulation (superior radioulnar joint) is a trochoid or pivot joint between the circumference of the head of the radius and the ring formed by the radial notch of the ulna and the annular ligament.
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