Information about Fenfluramine
Fenfluramine is a drug that was part of the Fen-Phen anti-obesity medication (the other drug being phentermine). Also known as Pondimin, fenfluramine was introduced on the U.S. market in 1973. It is the racemic mixture of dexfenfluramine and levofenfluramine, two identical but mirror-image molecules. It is designed to increase the level of the neurotransmitter serotonin. This depresses the central nervous system, regulating mood and appetite. The end result is a feeling of fullness and loss of appetite.
The drug was withdrawn from the U.S. market in 1997 after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension, including a condition known as cardiac fibrosis.
The distinctive valvular abnormality seen with fenfluramine is a thickening of the leaflet and chordae tendinae. Roth[1] suggested a mechanism by which fenfluramine damaged the valves. Heart valves also have serotonin receptors, which regulate their growth. He reported that fenfluramine and its active metabolite norfenfluramine stimulated the serotonin receptors 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). In particular norfenfluramine is a potent agonist (stimulant) of 5-HT2B receptors. These receptors are plentiful in human cardiac valves and appear to be essential for normal cardiac development. Roth suggested that the mechanism by which fenfluramine causes damage is through inappropriately stimulating the valve cells to divide. This valve damage is found in other drugs that act on 5-HT2B receptors.
The drug was withdrawn from the U.S. market in 1997 after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension, including a condition known as cardiac fibrosis.
The distinctive valvular abnormality seen with fenfluramine is a thickening of the leaflet and chordae tendinae. Roth[1] suggested a mechanism by which fenfluramine damaged the valves. Heart valves also have serotonin receptors, which regulate their growth. He reported that fenfluramine and its active metabolite norfenfluramine stimulated the serotonin receptors 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). In particular norfenfluramine is a potent agonist (stimulant) of 5-HT2B receptors. These receptors are plentiful in human cardiac valves and appear to be essential for normal cardiac development. Roth suggested that the mechanism by which fenfluramine causes damage is through inappropriately stimulating the valve cells to divide. This valve damage is found in other drugs that act on 5-HT2B receptors.
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Phenethylamines |
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| 2C-B • 2C-C • 2C-D • 2C-E • 2C-I • 2C-N • 2C-T-2 • 2C-T-21 • 2C-T-4 • 2C-T-7 • 2C-T-8 • 3C-E • 4-FMP • Bupropion • Cathine • Cathinone • Clenbuterol • DESOXY • Dextroamphetamine • Methamphetamine • Diethylcathinone • Dimethylcathinone • DOC • DOB • DOI • DOM • bk-MBDB • Dopamine • Br-DFLY • Ephedrine • Epinephrine • Escaline • Fenfluramine • Levalbuterol • Levmetamfetamine • MBDB • MDA • MDMA • MDMC • MDEA • MDPV • Mescaline • Methcathinone • Methylphenidate • Norepinephrine • Phentermine • Salbutamol • Tyramine • Venlafaxine |
Antiobesity preparations (A08) | |
|---|---|
| Centrally acting | Phentermine - Fenfluramine - Amfepramone - Dexfenfluramine - Mazindol - Cathine - Clobenzorex - Sibutramine - Rimonabant |
| Peripherally acting | Orlistat |
Fen-phen was an anti-obesity medication (an anorectic) which consisted of two drugs: fenfluramine and phentermine. Fenfluramine, and later, a related drug, dexfenfluramine, was marketed by American Home Products, now known as Wyeth.
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Obesity
Classification & external resources
Silhouettes representing healthy, overweight, and obese.
ICD-10 E 66.
ICD-9 278
DiseasesDB 9099
MedlinePlus 003101
eMedicine med/1653
MeSH C23.888.144.699.
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Classification & external resources
Silhouettes representing healthy, overweight, and obese.
ICD-10 E 66.
ICD-9 278
DiseasesDB 9099
MedlinePlus 003101
eMedicine med/1653
MeSH C23.888.144.699.
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Phentermine is an appetite suppressant of the amphetamine and phenethylamine class.
It is approved as an appetite suppressant to help reduce weight in obese patients when used short-term and combined with exercise, diet, and behavioral modification.
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It is approved as an appetite suppressant to help reduce weight in obese patients when used short-term and combined with exercise, diet, and behavioral modification.
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In chemistry, a racemic mixture is one that has equal amounts of left- and right-handed enantiomers of a chiral molecule.
The first known racemic mixture, or racemate
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The first known racemic mixture, or racemate
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Dexfenfluramine, also marketed under the name Redux, is a serotoninergic anorectic drug. It was for some years in the mid-1990s approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the purposes of weight loss.
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Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are used to relay, amplify and modulate signals between a neuron and another cell. According to the prevailing beliefs of the 1960s, a chemical can be classified as a neurotransmitter if it meets the following conditions:
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Serotonin (pronounced IPA: /ˌsɛrəˈtoʊnən/) (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and
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The central nervous system (CNS) represents the largest part of the nervous system, including the brain and the spinal cord. Together with the peripheral nervous system, it has a fundamental role in the control of behavior.
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In anatomy, the heart valves are valves in the heart that maintain the unidirectional flow of blood by opening and closing depending on the difference in pressure on each side. The mechanical equivalent of the heart valves would be the reed valves.
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MeSH D006976 In medicine, pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an increase in blood pressure in the pulmonary artery or lung vasculature, leading to shortness of breath, dizziness, fainting, and other symptoms, all of which are exacerbated by exertion.
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Cardiac fibrosis refers to an abnormal thickening of the heart valves due to inappropriate proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts.
These cells secrete collagen, and normally function to provide structural support for the heart.
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These cells secrete collagen, and normally function to provide structural support for the heart.
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Phenethylamine, or β-Phenylethylamine, is an alkaloid and monoamine. In the human brain, it is believed to function as a neuromodulator or neurotransmitter (trace amine).
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2C-B, or 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (sometimes referred to as 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxybenzeneethanamine) is a psychedelic drug of the 2C family, an entactogen. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin in 1974.
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2C-C is a psychedelic drug of the 2C family. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, sometimes used as an entheogen. The full name of the chemical is 4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine.
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2C-D is a psychedelic drug of the 2C family. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, sometimes used as an entheogen. The full name of the chemical is 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-phenethylamine.
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2C-E (2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylphenethylamine) is a psychedelic drug and phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, sometimes used as an entheogen.
It is commonly active in the 10-20 mg range, taken orally, and highly dose-sensitive.
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It is commonly active in the 10-20 mg range, taken orally, and highly dose-sensitive.
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2C-I is a psychedelic drug and phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was developed and popularized by Alexander Shulgin. Its full chemical name is 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine. It was described in Shulgin’s book PiHKAL.
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2C-N, or 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitrophenethylamine, is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, sometimes used as an entheogen.
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Chemistry
The full name of the chemical is 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-nitrophenyl)ethanamine...... Click the link for more information.
2C-T-2, or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylthiophenethylamine, is a psychedelic and entheogenic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was first synthesized in 1981 by Alexander Shulgin.
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2C-T-21 is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, sometimes used as an entheogen. It was the first psychedelic drug known to contain six different atoms in the structure.
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2C-T-4 or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(i)-propylthiophenethylamine is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was presumably first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, sometimes used as an entheogen.
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2C-T-7 is a hallucinogenic phenethylamine of the 2C family. In his book PIHKAL (Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved), Shulgin lists the dosage range as 10 to 30 mg.
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2C-T-8 is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, sometimes used as an entheogen.
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Chemistry
The full name of the chemical is 2,5-dimethoxy-4-cyclopropylmethylthiophenethylamine...... Click the link for more information.
2C-B 3C-BZ 2C-C 2C-D 2C-E 3C-E 2C-F 2C-G 2C-G-3 2C-G-4 2C-G-5 2C-G-N 2C-H 2C-I 2C-N 2C-O 2C-O-4 2C-P CPM 2C-SE 2C-T 2C-T-2 2C-T-4 psi-2C-T-4 2C-T-7
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4-Fluoroamphetamine, para-fluoroamphetamine or 4-fluoro-alpha-methylphenethylamine (4-FMP), is a central nervous system stimulant. It is a chemical analog of amphetamine, and is also related to other phenethylamines, such as cathinone, methcathinone, and
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Bupropion (INN; previously known as amfebutamone,[1] brand names Wellbutrin, Zyban, Budeprion and Buproban) is an atypical antidepressant that acts as a norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor, and nicotinic antagonist.
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Cathine (β-hydroxyamphetamine) is a monoamine alkaloid found in the shrub Catha edulis (khat).
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Pharmacology
Closely related to ephedrine, cathinone and other amphetamines, it may contribute to the stimulant effect of Catha edulis..... Click the link for more information.
Indicated for:
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- Yes, used by chewing the leaves of the Khat plant to produce stimulant effects.
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Clenbuterol is a drug prescribed to sufferers of breathing disorders as a decongestant and bronchodilator. People with chronic breathing disorders like asthma use this as a bronchodilator to make breathing easier.
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4-desoxymescaline, 4-methyl-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine, is a phenethylamine and mescaline analogue with psychedelic properties. It is usually known as DESOXY. It was discovered by Alexander Shulgin and published in PiHKAL.
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