Extended Ipa

Information about Extended Ipa

The International Phonetic Alphabet
History
Nonstandard symbols
Extended IPA
Naming conventions
IPA for English

The Extended IPA is an extension of the International Phonetic Alphabet and was designed for disordered speech. However, some of the symbols (especially diacritics, below) are occasionally used for transcribing normal speech as well.

The Extended IPA for speech pathology has added additional bracket notations. Parentheses are used to indicate mouthing (silent articulation), as in (ʃːː), a silent sign to hush; parentheses are also used to indicate silent pauses, for example (...). Double parentheses indicate obscured or unintelligible sound, as in ((2 syll.)), two audible but unidentifiable syllables. Curly brackets with Italian musical terms are used to mark prosodic notation, such as [{_falsetto hɛlp _falsetto}].

ʩ	Velopharyngeal fricative (often occurs with a cleft palate)
ʪ	Voiceless central-plus-lateral alveolar fricative, [ɬ͡s] (a lisp)
ʫ	Voiced central-plus-lateral alveolar fricative, [ɮ͡z] (a lisp)
ʬ	Bilabial percussive (smacking lips)
ʭ	Bidental percussive (gnashing teeth)
¡	Sublaminal lower alveolar click (sucking tongue)

The last symbol may be used with the alveolar click for [ǃ¡], a combined alveolar and sublaminal click or "cluck-click".

Extended IPA diacritics

The letters and diacritics of the ExtIPA

The ExtIPA has widened the use of some of the regular IPA symbols, such as ʰp for pre-aspiration, tʶ for uvularization, or s̼ for a linguolabial sibilant, as well as adding some new ones. Some of the ExtIPA diacritics are occasionally used for non-disordered speech, for example for the unusual airstream mechanisms of Damin.

One modification is the use of subscript parentheses around the phonation diacritics to indicate partial phonation; a single parenthesis at the left or right of the voicing indicates that it is partially phonated at the beginning or end of the segment. For example, ₍s̬₎ is a partially voiced [s], ₍s̬ shows partial initial voicing, and s̬₎ partial final voicing; also ₍z̥₎ is a partially devoiced [z], ₍z̥ shows partial initial devoicing, and z̥₎ partial final devoicing. These conventions may be convenient for representing various voice onset times.

Phonation diacritics may also be prefixed or suffixed rather than placed directly under the segment to represent relative timing. For instance, ̬z is a pre-voiced [z], z ̬ a post-voiced [z], and a ̰ is an [a] with a creaky offglide.

Other ExtIPA diacritics are:

Airstream mechanism
p↓	Ingressive airflow	!↑	Egressive airflow
Phonation
p⁼	Unaspirated	ạ	Whispery phonation
a^Ħ	Faucalized voice (stretched pharynx, as in a yawn)	a!	Harsh voice, ('pressed voice'; involves the false vocal cords, as when lifting a load)
ʰp	Pre-aspiration	a?	Ventricular vibration
Nasalization
n͋ v͋	Nasal fricative or frication	m͊	Denasal (as with a headcold)
Articulatory strength
f͈	Strong articulation	v͉	Weak articulation
Articulation
v͆	Dentolabial	n̪͆ h̪͆	Interdental or bidental
s͇ f͇	Alveolar(ized)	s͎	Whistled articulation
Secondary articulation
s͍	Labial spreading (see rounded vowel)	ʒ^œ	Open-rounded labialization
k^ʋ	Labiodentalized	s͌	Velopharyngeal friction
Timing
s͢θ	Slurred/sliding articulation	p\p\p	Stutter (reiterated articulation)

In addition to these symbols, a subscript < or > indicates that an articulation is laterally offset to the left or right.

Prosodic notation

The ExtIPA also makes use of Italian musical notation for the tempo and dynamics of connected speech. These are subscripted on the insides of a {brace} notation that indicates that they are comments on the prosody.

Pauses are indicated with periods or numbers inside parentheses.

(.)	Short pause	(..)	Medium pause	(...)	Long pause	(1.2)	1.2-second pause
f	Loud speech ('forte')	[{_f lɑʊd_f}]		ff	Louder speech ('fortissimo')	[{_ff lɑʊdɚ _ff}]
p	Quiet speech ('piano')	[{_p kwaɪət _p}]		pp	Quieter speech ('pianissimo')	[{_pp kwaɪətɚ _pp}]
allegro	Fast speech	[{_allegro fɑːst _allegro}]		lento	Slow speech	[{_lento sloʊ _lento}]
crescendo, rallentando, and other musical terms may also be used.

References

Ball, Martin J.; Esling, John H.; & Dickson, B. Craig. (1995). The VoQS system for the transcription of voice quality. Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet, 25 (2), 71-80.
Duckworth, M.; Allen, G.; Hardcastle, W.; & Ball, M. J. (1990). Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for the transcription of atypical speech. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 4, 273-280.

External links

Chart of extended IPA symbols for disordered speech (PDF).

International Phonetic Alphabet

Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

The International
Phonetic Alphabet
History
Nonstandard symbols
Extended IPA
Naming conventions
IPA for English The
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history of the International Phonetic Alphabet and the International Phonetic Association began in the late 19th century, at the formation of the association and its declaration of creating a phonetic system used for describing the sounds of spoken language.
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International Phonetic Alphabet requires specific names for the symbols and diacritics used in the alphabet.

It is often desirable to distinguish an IPA symbol from the sound it is intended to represent, since there is not a one-to-one correspondence between symbol
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International Phonetic Alphabet can be used to show pronunciation in English. For a quick chart of how, without the details presented here, see IPA chart for English.
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MeSH D013064 Speech disorders or speech impediments, as they are also called, are a type of communication disorders where 'normal' speech is disrupted. This can mean stuttering, lisps, etc.
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Speech-language pathology

Speech and language therapy (SLT) in the United Kingdom, Ireland and South Africa
Speech pathology in Australia
Speech-language therapy in New Zealand

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Cleft lip and cleft palate, which can also occur together as cleft lip and palate are variations of a type of clefting congenital deformity caused by abnormal facial development during gestation. This type of deformity is sometimes referred to as a cleft.
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Lisp
Classification & external resources

ICD-10 F 80.8
ICD-9 307.9

For the programming language, see .

A lisp (O E wlisp, stammering)^[1] is a speech impediment, historically also known as
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A sub-apical consonant is a consonant made by contact with the underside of the tip of the tongue. The only common sub-apical articulations are in the postalveolar to palatal region; these are called "retroflex".
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Damin (Demiin in the practical orthography) was a ceremonial language register used by the advanced initiated men of the Lardil (Leerdil in the practical orthography) and the Yangkaal tribes in Aboriginal Australia.
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In phonetics, phonation is the "use of the laryngeal system to generate an audible source of acoustic energy, i.e., sound, which can then be modified by the articulatory actions of the rest of the vocal apparatus.
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In phonetics, voice onset time, commonly abbreviated VOT, is the length of time that passes between when a consonant is released and when voicing, the vibration of the vocal folds begins.
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In phonetics, prevoicing means that voicing begins before the release of a stop consonant. This means that the voice onset time has a negative value. In the Extended IPA for speech pathology, this is transcribed with a voicing diacritic placed in front of the consonant, as in
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Creaky voice (also called laryngealisation, pulse phonation or, in singing, vocal fry or glottal fry), is a special kind of phonation in which the arytenoid cartilages in the larynx are drawn together; as a result, the vocal folds are compressed rather
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In phonetics, initiation is the action by which an air-flow is created through the vocal tract. Along with articulation, it is one of the two mandatory aspects of sound production: without initiation, there is no sound.
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In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of air that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of his or
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Whispering is an unvoiced mode of phonation in which the vocal cords do not vibrate normally, but are instead adducted just sufficiently to create audible frication as the speaker exhales during speech. Other aspects of vocal articulation remain the same as in normal speech.
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Faucalized voice, also called hollow or yawny voice, is the production of speech sounds with an expanded laryngeal cavity. It contrasts with harsh voice, in which the larynx is compressed.

There is no symbol for faucalized voice in the standard IPA.
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Harsh voice, also called ventricular or (in some high-tone registers) pressed voice, is the production of speech sounds (typically vowels) with a constricted lanryngeal cavity, which generally involves epiglottal co-articulation.
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The vocal folds, also known popularly as vocal cords, are composed of twin infoldings of mucous membrane stretched horizontally across the larynx. They vibrate, modulating the flow of air being expelled from the lungs during phonation.
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In phonetics, nasalization is the production of a sound while the velum is lowered, so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by the mouth. The effect is as if an [n] sound were produced simultaneously with the oral sound.
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In phonetics, denasalization is the loss of nasal airflow in a nasal stop or nasal vowel. This may be due to speech pathology, but also occurs when the sinuses are blocked from a cold, in which case it is called a 'nasal voice'. (The latter is not a linguistic term.
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Dentolabial consonants are articulated with the lower teeth against the upper lip, the reverse of labiodental consonants. They are rare cross linguistically, but one allophone of Swedish /ɧ/
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Interdental consonants are produced by placing the blade of the tongue against the upper incisors. This differs from a dental consonant in that the tip of the tongue is placed between
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Bidental consonants, pronounced with both the lower and upper teeth, are normally found only in speech pathology. The Extended IPA symbol is both a superscript and a subscript bridge, [ ̪͆].
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Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the superior teeth.
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Human whistling is the production of sound by means of a constant stream of air from the mouth. The air is moderated by the tongue, lips, teeth, or fingers to create turbulence, and the mouth acts as a resonant chamber to enhance the resulting sound, thus acting as a type
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Near‑close
Close‑mid
Mid
Open‑mid
Near‑open
Open

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