Endothelin

Information about Endothelin

Endothelin 1
Identifiers
Symbol	EDN1
Entrez	1906
HUGO	3176
OMIM	131240
RefSeq	NM_001955
UniProt	P05305
Other data
Locus	Chr. 6 p23-p24

Endothelin 2
Identifiers
Symbol	EDN2
Entrez	1907
HUGO	3177
OMIM	131241
RefSeq	NM_001956
UniProt	P20800
Other data
Locus	Chr. 1 p34

Endothelin 3
Identifiers
Symbol	EDN3
HUGO	3178
OMIM	131242
RefSeq	NM_000114
UniProt	P14138
Other data
Locus	Chr. 20 q13.2-q13.3

Endothelin is a 21-amino acid vasoconstricting peptide that plays a key part in vascular homeostasis. It is one of the strongest vasoconstrictors currently studied.

Isoforms

There are three isoforms with varying regions of expression and two key receptor types, ET_A and ET_B.

ET_A receptors are found in the smooth muscle tissue of blood vessels, and binding of endothelin to ET_A increases vasoconstriction (contraction of the blood vessel walls) and the retention of sodium. These lead to increased blood pressure.
ET_B is primarily located on the endothelial cells that line the interior of the blood vessels. When endothelin binds to ET_B receptors, this leads to increased natriuresis and diuresis (the production and elimination of urine) and the release of nitric oxide (also called "NO" or endothelium-derived relaxing factor), all mechanisms that lower the blood pressure.

Balance

In a healthy individual, a delicate balance between vasoconstriction and vasodilation is maintained by endothelin, calcitonin and other vasoconstrictors on the one hand and nitric oxide, prostacyclin and other vasodilators on the other.

Overproduction of endothelin in the lungs may cause pulmonary hypertension, which can sometimes be treated by the use of an endothelin receptor antagonist, such as bosentan or sitaxsentan. The latter drug selectively blocks endothelin A receptors, decreasing the vasoconstrictive actions and allowing for increased beneficial effects of endothelin B stimulation, such as nitric oxide production. The precise effects of endothelin B receptor activation depends on the type of cells involved.

External links

The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System is a powerful federated search engine, or web portal that allows users to search many discrete health sciences databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website.
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Hugo is a male given name, a latinized form of the name Hugh, a German/Teutonic name meaning "Bright in Mind and Spirit".

Hugo is one of the most popular names in Europe ranking as high as #2 in France, #6 in Spain, and #7 in Belgium in 2006.
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The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institutes of Health. The NCBI is located in Bethesda, Maryland and was founded in 1988.
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Swiss-Prot is a manually curated biological database of protein sequences. Swiss-Prot was created in 1986 by Amos Bairoch during his PhD and developed by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and the European Bioinformatics Institute.
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locus (plural loci) is a fixed position on a chromosome, such as the position of a gene or a biomarker (genetic marker). A variant of the DNA sequence at a given locus is called an allele. The ordered list of loci known for a particular genome is called a genetic map.
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amino acid is a molecule that contains both amine and carboxyl functional groups. In biochemistry, this term refers to alpha-amino acids with the general formula H₂NCHRCOOH, where R is an organic substituent.
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Vasoconstriction is a narrowing of the lumen of blood vessels.

Factors

Factors that trigger vasoconstriction are both of exogenous origin, i.e. medication, and as a response from the body itself.

Body mechanisms

Vasoconstriction is a procedure of the body to e.g.
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Peptides (from the Greek πεπτίδια, "small digestibles") are short polymers formed from the linking, in a defined order, of α-amino acids.
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Smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle, found within the "walls" of hollow organs and elsewhere like the bladder and abdominal cavity, the uterus, male and female reproductive tracts, the gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract, the vasculature, the skin and the
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A protein isoform is a version of a protein with only small differences to another isoform of the same protein. Different forms of a protein may be produced from different but related genes, or may arise from the same gene by alternative splicing.
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For other uses, see Receptor.

In biochemistry, a receptor is a protein on the cell membrane or within the cytoplasm or cell nucleus that binds to a specific molecule (a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter, hormone, or other substance, and initiates
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Identifiers
Symbol EDNRB
Alt. Symbols HSCR2, HSCR

Entrez 1910
HUGO 3180
OMIM 131244

RefSeq NM_000115
UniProt P24530
Other data

Locus Chr.
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The blood vessels are part of the cardiovascular system and function to transport blood throughout the body. The most important types, arteries and veins, carry blood away from or towards the heart, respectively.
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Retention can have the following meanings:

Instance retaining (e.g. water in the ground; see retention pond or retention basin)
In learning: the ability to retain facts and figures in memory (spaced repetition)

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Sodium (IPA: /ˈsəʊdiəm/) is a chemical element which has the symbol Na (Latin: natrium), atomic number 11, atomic mass 22.9898 g/mol, common oxidation number +1.
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Blood pressure (strictly speaking: vascular pressure) refers to the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, and constitutes one of the principal vital signs.
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endothelium is the thin layer of cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. Endothelial cells line the entire circulatory system, from the heart to the smallest capillary.
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Urine is liquid waste product of the body secreted by the kidneys by a process of filtration from blood and excreted through the urethra. This waste is eventually expelled from the body in a process known as urination.
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Diuresis is the increased production of urine by the kidney.

Types and causes

The kidney produces up to 250 L of "prourine" (glomerular filtrate in science) per day, but reabsorbs most before it reaches the bladder.

Polyuria is increased diuresis.
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Nitric oxide or Nitrogen monoxide is a chemical compound with chemical formula NO. This gas is an important signaling molecule in the body of mammals including humans and is an extremely important intermediate in the chemical industry.
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Endothelin

Information about Endothelin

Isoforms

Balance

External links

Factors

Body mechanisms

Types and causes