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Dominion of Pakistan
Commonwealth Realm
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1947 – 1956 →
 
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Anthem
God Save The King
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Location of Pakistan
CapitalKarachi
Language(s)Urdu, English
GovernmentMonarchy Pakistan, 1947]]|Commonwealth Realm }}
King/Queen of Pakistan
 - 1947-52George VI
 - 1952-56Elizabeth II
Governor-General
 - 1947-48Muhammad Ali Jinnah
 - 1948-51Khawaja Nazimuddin
 - 1951-55Ghulam Muhammad
 - 1955-56Iskander Mirza
Prime Minister
 - 1947-51Liaquat Ali Khan
 - 1951-53Khawaja Nazimuddin
 - 1953-55Muhammad Ali Bogra
 - 1955-56Chaudhry Muhammad Ali
Historical eraCold War
 - IndependenceAugust 15, 1947
 - Indo-Pakistani War1947-48
 - ConstitutionMarch 23, 1956
CurrencyPakistani rupee


The Dominion of Pakistan was a federal entity that was established as a result of Partition of India into two sovereign dominions: the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. The Dominion of Pakistan was intended by the British as a homeland for the Muslims on the Indian sub-continent.

Formation

The Dominion of Pakistan was formed on 14 August 1947 pursuant to the withdrawal of the British raj. The creation of an independent dominion of Pakistan was stipulated by the British Parliament in the Indian Independence Act 1947.

The British monarch was represented by the Governor-General of Pakistan, who was uniquely not a ceremonial figure. The Governor-General of Pakistan had very strong executive powers. The first Governor-General of Pakistan was Mohammed Ali Jinnah, president of the Muslim League. As the British granted independence to their dominions in India in mid-August 1947, the two nations joined the British Commonwealth as self-governing dominions.

The partition entailed an exodus of millions of Muslims from various parts of India to Pakistan and the exodus of non-Muslims from the newly forming Dominion of Pakistan to India. On "the sub-continent as a whole, some 14 million people left their homes and set out by every means possible -- by air, train, and road, in cars and lorries, in buses and bullock carts, but most of all on foot -- to seek refuge with their own kind."[1]

Territory

Main article: Partition of India
The Dominion of Pakistan was a federation of five regions or Provinces: East Bengal (later to become Bangladesh), West Punjab, Balochistan, Sindh, and the North-West Frontier Province/NWFP. In addition, those princely states (which were free after the parition to join either country) that were geographically inalienable to Pakistan joined the federation. These included the Princely States of Bhawalpur, Khairpur, Swat, Dir, Hunza, Chitral, Makran and the Khanate of Kalat. All Provinces had their own Governor, who was appointed by the Governor-General of Pakistan.

Radcliffe Line

Main article: Radcliffe Award
The controversial Radcliffe Award, not published until 17 August 1947, specified the Radcliffe Line which demarcated the border between India and Pakistan. The Radcliffe Boundary Commission sought to separate the Muslim-majority regions in the northeast and northwest from the rest of India with a Hindu majority. This entailed the partition of two provinces which did not have a uniform majority -- Bengal and Punjab. The western part of Punjab became West Pakistan and the eastern part would continue to be known as the Indian province of Punjab. Bengal was similarly divided into East Bengal (in Pakistan) and West Bengal (in India).

Conflicts and Disputes

The partition left Punjab and Bengal, two of the biggest provinces, divided between India and Pakistan. In the early days of independence, millions of people migrated across the new border and more than one hundred thousand died in a spate of communal violence.[2] In Punjab alone, "in an area measuring about 200 miles by 150 miles, roughly the size of Scotland, with some 17,000 towns and villages, 5 million Muslims were trekking from east to west, and 5 million Hindus and Sikhs trekking in the opposite direction. Many of them never made it to their destinations."[3] Many of them were slaughtered by an opposing side, some starved or died of exhaustion, while others were afflicted with "cholera, dysentery and all those other diseases that afflict undernourished refugees everywhere".[4] fueling a violent reaction amongst the populations of the newly founded nations.

Disputes arose over several princely states with a Muslim-majority, including Jammu and Kashmir, whose ruler had acceded to India. Disputes and territorial conflict led to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, ending with Pakistan occupying roughly one-third of the state.

See also

References

  • Read, A. and Fisher, D. (1997). The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence. New York: Norton.

Citations

1. ^ Read, p. 497
2. ^ Estimates for the 1947 death toll
3. ^ Read, p. 497
4. ^ Read, p. 499
The British Indian Empire, informally, the British Raj (rāj, lit. "rule" in Hindi) or simply British India, internationally and contemporaneously, India
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19th century - 20th century - 21st century
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1944 1945 1946 - 1947 - 1948 1949 1950

Year 1947 (MCMXLVII
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19th century - 20th century - 21st century
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1953 1954 1955 - 1956 - 1957 1958 1959

Year 1956 (MCMLVI
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Motto
اتحاد، تنظيم، يقين محکم
Ittehad, Tanzim, Yaqeen-e-Muhkam   (Urdu)
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Anthem
Amar Shonar Bangla
My Golden Bengal


Capital
(and largest city) Dhaka

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The national flag of Pakistan was designed by Syed Amir-ud-Din Kedwai based on the 1906 flag of the All-India Muslim League. It was adopted on August 11, 1947, three days before the independence of the country.
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For the Radiohead song, see "The National Anthem".
A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a country's government as the official
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"God Save the Queen", or "God Save the King", is an anthem used in a number of Commonwealth realms; it currently serves as the national anthem of the United Kingdom, one of the two national anthems of New Zealand, and the royal anthem of Canada and of Australia.
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Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist, the capital was moved, or the capital city was renamed. This is a list of such cities, sorted by country and then by date.
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Karachi   (help info ) (Urdu: كراچى, Sindhi: ڪراچي
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Urdu}}} 
Writing system: Urdu alphabet (Nasta'liq script) 
Official status
Official language of:  Pakistan ;
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English}}} 
Writing system: Latin (English variant) 
Official status
Official language of: 53 countries
Regulated by: no official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1: en
ISO 639-2: eng
ISO 639-3: eng  
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government is a body that has the power to make and the authority to enforce rules and laws within a civil, corporate, religious, academic, or other organization or group.[1]
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List of forms of government
  • Anarchism
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Emperor/Empress of India (Padishah-e-Hind
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George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions from 11 December 1936 until his death. He was the last Emperor of India (until 1947) and the last King of Ireland (until 1949).
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Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary;<ref name="sur" /> born 21 April 1926) is the Queen regnant of sixteen independent states and their overseas territories and dependencies.
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The Governor-General of Pakistan was the resident representative of King George VI in Pakistan from 1947 to 1952 and then Queen Elizabeth II ("Queen of Pakistan") from 1952 until 1956 when Pakistan was proclaimed a republic.
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Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Urdu: محمد على جناح   (help info )
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Khawaja Nazimuddin (Urdu: خواجہ ناظم الدین, Bengali: খাজা নাজিমুদ্দীন) (July 19, 1894 - October 22 1964) was
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Malik Ghulam Muhammad (Urdu: ملک غلام محمد) served as Governor-General of Pakistan from 1951 until 1955, shortly before his death in 1956.
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Syed Iskander Ali Mirza or Iskander Mirza (Urdu: اسکندر مرزا) (November 13, 1899 – November 12, 1969) was the first President of Pakistan and held that position from 1956 until 1958.
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Pakistan

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Pakistan


  • Constitution
  • Government
  • President
  • Pervez Musharraf

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Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan (Urdu/Pashto: لیا قت علی خان) listen   (help info )
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Khawaja Nazimuddin (Urdu: خواجہ ناظم الدین, Bengali: খাজা নাজিমুদ্দীন) (July 19, 1894 - October 22 1964) was
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Muhammad Ali Bogra (1909 - 1963) (Bengali: মোহাম্মদ আলী বগুড়া
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چوہدری محمد علی) (July 15, 1905 - December 2, 1980) was a Pakistani statesman who served as Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1955 to 1956.
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The Cold War was the period of conflict, tension and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies from the mid-1940s until the early 1990s.
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The Indian Independence Act 1947 was the legislation passed by the British Parliament that officially approved the independence of India and the partition of India.
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