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Information about Digital Object Identifier

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A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a permanent identifier given to a document, which is not related to its current location. A typical use of a DOI is to give a scientific paper or article a unique identifying number that can be used by anyone to locate details of the paper, and possibly an electronic copy. In this way it functions as a permalink. Unlike the URL system used on the Internet for web pages, the DOI does not change over time, even if the article is relocated (provided the DOI resolution system is updated when the change of location is made).

The DOI System uses the CNRI Handle System, a generic system for assigning names to objects, for name resolution. DOIs are handles having the prefix "10.", whereas other namespaces in the handle system have other handles. DOIs can be resolved through the DOI resolver at [1] but, being handles, they can also be resolved through the global handle resolver at [2]

Comparison with other standards

A DOI differs from commonly used internet pointers to material such as the URL because it identifies an object as a first-class entity, not simply the place where the object is located. A DOI also differs from identifiers such as (ISBNs, ISRCs, etc.) because it can be associated with defined services and is immediately actionable on a network.

A DOI can apply to any form of document expressed in any digital environment, including both physical and digital manifestations, performances and abstract works: DOIs can be used to identify e-texts, images, audio or video items, software, etc. An entity can be identified at any arbitrary level of granularity. This means that, for instance, DOIs can identify a journal, an individual issue of a journal, an individual article in the journal, or a single table in that article.

Structure

The DOI consists of a unique alphanumeric character string divided into two parts: a prefix and a suffix.

An example of a complete DOI is:

10.1000/182


where:

10.1000 is the prefix, or publisher ID, composed by a part identifying the string as a DOI (10) and a part identifying the registrant (1000);


182 is the suffix, or item ID, identifying the single object. (Typical suffixes are longer than this example.)


The prefix is assigned by a DOI Registration Agency to a specific registrant. The suffix is assigned by the registrant and must be unique within a prefix. It can integrate existing standard identifiers such as an ISBN or ISSN, or SICI. The DOI is case insensitive and is considered an "opaque string": nothing can be inferred from the number with respect to its use in the DOI System.

The correct way to cite a DOI on a webpage or in a publication is doi:10.1000/182

Resolution

DOI resolution redirects the user from a DOI to one or more pieces of typed data: URLs representing instances of the object, services such as e-mail, or one or more items of metadata.

"What the DOI identifies" and "what the DOI resolves to" are two different concepts: it is possible that a DOI does not resolve to the identified entity, but just to some related information wished by the publisher.

DOI resolution is provided through the Handle System technology, developed by the Corporation for National Research Initiatives, and is freely available to any user encountering a DOI.

To resolve a DOI, just type in the address bar of any browser the string "http://dx.doi.org/" followed by the DOI. For example, to resolve the DOI 10.1000/182, enter into your browser the address: http://dx.doi.org/10.1000/182. Of course, web pages or other hypertext documents can include hypertext links in this form, as in this sentence which links to the DOI Handbook. Some browsers allow the direct resolution of a DOI (or other handles) with an add-on (e.g. [https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/718 Mozilla])

The DOI organization has applied for a "doi:" URI scheme to allow a DOI to be expressed as a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) without requiring reference to a specific HTTP server as in the previous paragraph. As of April, 2006, this had not been approved. [3]

Metadata

Each DOI is associated with a series of metadata, a set of bibliographical and commercial information concerning the content (title, author, publication date, copyright, price, etc.) and its position within the whole registrant's publishing offer (the belonging of a title to a series, of an article to a serial, the availability of one publication in more formats and/or through different media, etc.). By means of metadata, the DOI configures not simply as an identifying string, but takes the form of a powerful and unambiguous tool for data storage and exchange.

Metadata, as well as the DOI they are associated to, are persistently connected to the object they describe, so they can be easily communicated to other subjects across the productive and distributive chain, enhancing a content producer's ability to trade electronically. Furthermore, metadata represent the key for the development of DOI-based services, such as transnational databases and search engines for different kinds of contents. Asserting that metadata are persistent does not mean they are unmodifiable: registrants may update metadata about their contents any time they wish (whether some publication data change, when the primary URL the DOI resolves to is modified, etc.).

Advantages

There are three main values granted by DOI adoption:
  • Persistent Identification: each DOI unequivocally and permanently identifies the object to which it is associated
  • Network Actionability: through Handle System technology, each DOI resolves to one or more web pages assigned by the publisher
  • Semantic Interoperability: metadata allow to unambiguously communicate – to any user, from any place, at any point of the productive/distributive chain – all the pieces of information about the related objects and their hierarchical relationships

International DOI Foundation (IDF)

The International DOI Foundation (IDF), a non-profit organisation created in 1998, is the governance body of the DOI System, which safeguards all intellectual property rights relating to the DOI System. IDF supports the development and promotion of the Digital Object Identifier system as a common infrastructure for content management, and works to ensure that any improvements made to the DOI system (including creation, maintenance, registration, resolution and policymaking of DOIs) are available to any DOI registrant, and that no third party licenses might reasonably be required to practice the DOI standard.

IDF is controlled by a Board elected by the members of the Foundation, with an appointed full-time Director who is responsible for co-ordinating and planning its activities. Through the elected Board, the activities of the Foundation are ultimately controlled by its members. Membership is open to all organizations with an interest in electronic publishing and related enabling technologies.

Registration agencies

A DOI Registration Agency (RA) is an authority recognized by the IDF, whose primary role is to provide services to DOI registrants: allocating DOI prefixes, registering DOIs and providing the necessary infrastructure to allow registrants to declare and maintain metadata and state data. RAs are also expected actively to promote the widespread adoption of the DOI, to cooperate with the IDF in the development of the DOI System as a whole and to provide services on behalf of their specific user community.

Currently, eight major RAs are active worldwide, as listed at www.doi.org:
  1. CrossRef (USA) - website
  2. R.R. Bowker (USA) - website
  3. CAL (Australia) - website
  4. mEDRA (Europe) - website
  5. Nielsen BookData (UK) - website
  6. TIB (Germany) - website
  7. Publications Office (European Union) (EU) - website
  8. Wanfang Data (China) - website

See also

References

External links

# symbol indicates a permanent link to the blog entry in question]] A permalink is a URL that points to a specific blogging entry even after the entry has passed from the front page into the blog archives.
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Uniform Resource Locator (URL) formerly known as Universal Resource Locator, is a technical, Web-related term used in two distinct meanings:
  • In popular usage, many technical documents, it is a synonym for Uniform Resource Identifier (URI);

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Uniform Resource Locator (URL) formerly known as Universal Resource Locator, is a technical, Web-related term used in two distinct meanings:
  • In popular usage, many technical documents, it is a synonym for Uniform Resource Identifier (URI);

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International Standard Book Number, ISBN, is a unique[1] commercial book identifier barcode. The ISBN system was created in the United Kingdom, in 1966, by the booksellers and stationers W.H. Smith.
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The International Standard Recording Code (ISRC), defined by ISO 3901, is an international standard code for uniquely identifying sound recordings and music video recordings. IFPI has been appointed by ISO as registration authority for this standard.
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Digital media (as opposed to analog media) usually refers to electronic media that work on digital codes. Today, computing is primarily based on the binary numeral system. In this case digital refers to the discrete states of "0" and "1" for representing arbitrary data.
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performance, in performing arts, generally comprises an event in which one group of people (the performer or performers) behave in a particular way for another group of people (the audience).
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An e-text (from "electronic text"; sometimes written as etext) is, generally, any text-based information that is available in a digitally encoded human-readable format and read by electronic means, but more specifically it refers to files in the ASCII character
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IMAGE (from Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration), or Explorer 78, was a NASA MIDEX mission that studied the global response of the Earth's magnetosphere to changes in the solar wind.
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Sound recording and reproduction is the electrical or mechanical inscription and re-creation of sound waves, usually used for the voice or for music.

The two main classes of sound recording technology are analog recording and digital recording.
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Video (Latin for "I see", first person singular present, indicative of videre, "to see") is the technology of electronically capturing, recording, processing, storing, transmitting, and reconstructing a sequence of still images representing scenes in motion.
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Computer software is a general term used to describe a collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that perform some task on a computer system. [1]
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''See also: grain and film grain (disambiguation)


Granularity is a measure of the size of the components, or descriptions of components, that make up a system.
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academic journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Academic journals serve as forums for the introduction and presentation for scrutiny of new research, and the critique of existing research.
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For Wikipedia guidelines, see Wikipedia:What is an article.


An article is a stand-alone section of a larger written work. These nonfictional prose compositions appear in magazines, newspapers, academic journals, the internet, or any other type of
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table is both a mode of visual communication and a means of arranging data. The use of tables is pervasive throughout all communication, research and data analysis. Tables appear in print media, handwritten notes, computer software, architectural ornamentation, traffic signs and
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Alphanumeric is a collective term used to identify letters of the Latin alphabet and Arabic digits. There are either 36 (single case) or 62 (case-sensitive) alphanumeric characters. The alphanumeric character set consists of the numbers 0 to 9 and letters A to Z.
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An affix is a morpheme that is attached to a base morpheme such as a root or to a stem, to form a word. Affixes may be derivational, like English -ness and pre-, or inflectional, like English plural -s and past tense -ed.
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suffix — a form of affix — follows the morpheme to which it attaches. Suffixes can be inflectional or derivational.

An inflectional suffix is sometimes called a desinence.
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Licensure refers to the granting of a license (in the US and Canada, whilst, elsewhere the term registration is used), usually to work in a particular profession or to obtain a privilege such as to drive a car or truck.
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An ISSN, or International Standard Serial Number, is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic periodical publication. The ISSN system was adopted as international standard ISO 3297 in 1975. The TC 46/SC 9 is responsible for the standard.
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Opacity or opaque refers to something difficult to see through or perceive. It can refer to:
  • Opacity (optics), Degree to which light is blocked.
  • Opaque context, a linguistic context in which it is not possible to substitute co-referential terms while guaranteeing

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The Corporation for National Research Initiatives is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1986 by Robert E. Kahn, an "activities center around strategic development of network-based information technologies" including the National Information Infrastructure.
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A URI scheme is the top level of the URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) naming structure. All URIs and absolute URI references are formed with a scheme name, followed by a colon character, and the remainder of the URI called (in the outdated RFCs 1738 and 2396, but not the current
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Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), is a compact string of characters used to identify or name a resource. The main purpose of this identification is to enable interaction with representations of the resource over a network, typically the World Wide Web, using specific
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CrossRef is an official Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Registration Agency. It was launched in early 2000 as a cooperative effort among publishers to enable cross-publisher citation linking in online academic journals.
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Motto
"In God We Trust"   (since 1956)
"E Pluribus Unum"   ("From Many, One"; Latin, traditional)
Anthem
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R.R. Bowker, LLC provides information support for the publishing industry in the United States. Bowker is the official U.S. ISBN Agency, the publisher of Books In Print
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Anthem
Advance Australia Fair [1]


Capital Canberra

Largest city Sydney
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Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. Physically and geologically, Europe is the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, west of Asia. Europe is bounded to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the Mediterranean Sea,
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