Information about Cytopathology
Cytopathology is a branch of pathology that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level. The most common use of cytopathology is the Pap smear, used to detect cervical cancer at an early treatable stage.
Two methods of collecting cells for analysis are:
Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells and bodily fluids.
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Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells and bodily fluids.
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Two methods of collecting cells for analysis are:
- Exfoliative Cytology – Cells are extracted from fluid shed into the body cavities. For example, in pleural fluid, ascitic fluid, or in the case of the Pap smear, cells scraped from the cervix.
- Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology or Needle aspiration biopsy – An 18 to 27 gauge (most commonly 23-25) needle attached to a 10 cc syringe is used to aspirate (pull out) cells from lesions or masses in various organs of the body by application of negative pressure (suction). FNAC can be done directly on a mass in superficial regions like the neck, thyroid or breast; or it may be be assisted by ultrasound or CAT scan. FNAC, while poorly developed in the USA, is widely used in Europe and India. Being a skill dependent procedure, the success rate may vary. If performed by pathologist or as team with pathologist-cytotechnologist, the success rate of proper diagnosis is superior. The two countries with the most advanced FNAC services are Sweden (Karolinska hospital performs about 11 thousand annual aspirates), and Slovenia (Institute of Oncology performs about 10 thousand annual aspirates). The highest volumes in USA are encountered at Emory University Hospital in Atlanta GA, and MD Anderson Hostpital in Houston, TX, each contributing no more than 4 thousand aspirates per year.
Equipment
Fine needles are 23 to 27 gauge. Needle diameters and color codes for 23G, 25G and 27G are as follows, respectively: 0,6 mm/Blue-dark, 0,5 mm/Orange, and 0,4 mm/Grey. If a cell-block preparation is indicated, after obtaining diagnostic cytology smears, a wider gauge needle, up to 18 gauge, may be used.See also
External Links
Pathologist redirects here. For other uses of the terms pathology or pathological, see pathology (disambiguation).
Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells and bodily fluids.
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- For the similarly named guitar player and actor see Pat Smear
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pleurae. The outer pleura is attached to the chest wall and is known as the parietal pleura; the inner one is attached to the lung and other visceral tissues and is known as the visceral pleura.
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In higher vertebrates, the peritoneum is the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity - it covers most of the intra-abdominal organs. It is composed of a layer of mesothelium supported by a thin layer of connective tissue.
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Needle aspiration biopsy (NAB), also known as fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and fine needle aspiration (FNA
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hypodermic needle is a hollow needle commonly used with a syringe to inject substances into the body. They may also be used to take liquid samples from the body, for example taking blood from a vein in venipuncture.
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Medical ultrasonography (sonography) is an ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique used to visualize muscles and internal organs, their size, structures and possible pathologies or lesions.
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Computed tomography (CT), originally known as computed axial tomography (CAT or CT scan) and body section roentgenography, is a medical imaging method employing tomography where digital geometry processing is used to generate a three-dimensional image of the
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Needle Nominal O.D. Nominal I.D.
Gauge mm inches tol. (in.) mm inches tol. (in.)
10 3.404 0.1340 ±0.0010 2.692 0.1060 ±0.0020
11 3.048 0.1200 " 2.388 0.0940 "
12 2.769 0.1090 " 2.159 0.
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Gauge mm inches tol. (in.) mm inches tol. (in.)
10 3.404 0.1340 ±0.0010 2.692 0.1060 ±0.0020
11 3.048 0.1200 " 2.388 0.0940 "
12 2.769 0.1090 " 2.159 0.
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Cellular pathology is the branch of general pathology studying the cellular basis of disease. Various normal functions of cell growth, metabolism, and division can fail or work in abnormal ways and lead to various diseases such as cancers.
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The creator of this article, or someone who has substantially contributed to it, may have a conflict of interest regarding its subject matter.
It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view.
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It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view.
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Pathologist redirects here. For other uses of the terms pathology or pathological, see pathology (disambiguation).
Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells and bodily fluids.
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disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions. In human beings, "disease" is often used more broadly to refer to any condition that causes discomfort, dysfunction, distress, social problems, and/or death to the person afflicted, or similar problems
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Necrosis (in Greek Νεκρός = Dead) is the name given to accidental death of cells and living tissue. Necrosis is less orderly than apoptosis, which is part of programmed cell death.
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An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. In an infection, the infecting organism seeks to utilize the host's resources to multiply (usually at the expense of the host).
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In medicine, ischemia (Greek ισχαιμία, isch- is restriction, hema or haema is blood) is a restriction in blood supply
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Inflammation (Latin, inflammatio, to set on fire) is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants.
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Wound healing, or wound repair, is the body's natural process of regenerating dermal and epidermal tissue. When an individual is wounded, a set of events takes place in a predictable fashion to repair the damage.
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Neoplasia (new growth in Greek) is abnormal and purposeless proliferation of cells in a tissue or organ. A neoplastic growth is called a neoplasm. Most neoplasms proliferate to form distinct masses, or tumors
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Anatomical pathology (Commonwealth) or Anatomic pathology (U.S.) is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross, microscopic, and molecular examination of organs, tissues, and cells.
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Disease - Necrosis - Infection - Ischemia - Inflammation - Wound healing - Neoplasia
Anatomical pathology Surgical pathology - Cytopathology - Autopsy -
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Anatomical pathology Surgical pathology - Cytopathology - Autopsy -
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autopsy, also known as a post-mortem examination, necropsy, or obduction, is a medical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse to determine the cause and manner of death and to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present.
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Disease - Necrosis - Infection - Ischemia - Inflammation - Wound healing - Neoplasia
Anatomical pathology Surgical pathology - Cytopathology - Autopsy -
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Anatomical pathology Surgical pathology - Cytopathology - Autopsy -
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Forensic pathology is a branch of medicine concerned with determining cause of death, usually for criminal law cases and civil law cases in some jurisdictions. The word forensics is derived from the Latin forēnsis meaning public or forum.
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Disease - Necrosis - Infection - Ischemia - Inflammation - Wound healing - Neoplasia
Anatomical pathology Surgical pathology - Cytopathology - Autopsy -
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Anatomical pathology Surgical pathology - Cytopathology - Autopsy -
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Gross examination or "grossing" is the process by which pathology specimens are inspected with the naked eye to obtain diagnostic information, while being processed for further microscopic examination.
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Histopathology (from the Greek histos (tissue) and pathos (suffering)) refers to the microscopic examination of tissue in order to study the manifestations of disease.
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Immunohistochemistry or IHC refers to the process of localizing proteins in cells of a tissue section exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens in biological tissues.
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An electron microscope is a type of microscope that uses electrons as a way to illuminate and create an image of a specimen. It has much higher magnification and resolving power than a light microscope, with magnifications up to about two million times, compared to about two
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Immunofluorescence is the labeling of antibodies or antigens with fluorescent dyes. This technique is often used to visualize subcellular distribution of biomolecules of interest.
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