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Information about Corynebacteria

Corynebacterium
Enlarge picture
C. ulcerans colonies on a blood agar plate.

C. ulcerans colonies on a blood agar plate.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Bacteria
Phylum:Actinobacteria
Order:Actinomycetales
Suborder:Corynebacterineae
Family:Corynebacteriaceae
Genus:Corynebacterium
Lehmann & Neumann 1896
Species


See text.
Corynebacterium is a genus of Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped actinobacteria. Most do not cause disease, but are part of normal human skin flora.

Some nondiphtheria species of Corynebacterium produce disease in specific animal species, and some of these are also human pathogens. Some species attack healthy hosts, and others attack immunosuppressed hosts. Some of their effects include granulomatous lymphadenitis, pneumonitis, pharyngitis, skin infections, and endocarditis. Endocarditis caused by Corynebacterium spp. is particularly seen in patients with indwelling intravascular devices.

Infection by diphtheroids tend to occur in elderly, neutropenic, or immunocompromised patients, and those who have indwelling prosthetic devices such as heart valves, neurologic shunts, or catheters.

Some species of Corynebacterium have sequenced genomes that range in size from 2.5 - 3 Mbp. They can be found in many environments including soil, trees and skin. The non-diptheiroid Corynebecterium can also be found in human mucous membranes. They grow slowly, even on enriched media, and undergo "Chinese Letter" division. Species of Corynebacterium have been used in the mass production of various amino acids including L-Glutamic Acid, a popular food additive that is made at a rate of 1.5 million tons/ year by Corynebacterium. The metabolic pathways of Corynebacterium have been further manipulated to produce L-Lysine and L-Threonine.

Species

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Nondiphtheriae Corynebacteria (diphtheroids)

References

Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. Scientific classification also can be called scientific taxonomy, but should be distinguished from folk taxonomy, which lacks scientific basis.
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Bacteria

Phyla

Actinobacteria
Aquificae
Chlamydiae
Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi
Chloroflexi
Chrysiogenetes
Cyanobacteria
Deferribacteres
Deinococcus-Thermus
Dictyoglomi
Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria
Firmicutes
Fusobacteria
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Actinobacteria
Margulis

Class: Actinobacteria

Subclasses
Acidimicrobidae
Actinobacteridae
Coriobacteridae
Rubrobacteridae
Sphaerobacteridae
The Actinobacteria
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Actinomycetales
Buchanan, 1917

Suborders
  • Actinomycetaceae
  • Micrococcaceae
  • Bogoriellaceae
  • Rarobacteraceae
  • Sanguibacteraceae
  • Brevibacteriaceae
  • Cellulomonadaceae
  • Dermabacteraceae
  • Dermatophilaceae
  • Dermacoccaceae

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Corynebacterineae
Stackebrandt et al. 1997

Families

Corynebacteriaceae
(Coryneform bacteria)
Dietziaceae
Gordoniaceae
Mycobacteriaceae
Nocardiaceae
Tsukamurellaceae
Williamsiaceae

Corynebacterineae
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species is one of the basic units of biological classification. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
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genus (plural: genera) is part of the Latinized name for an organism. It is a name which reflects the classification of the organism by grouping it with other closely similar organisms.
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Gram-positive bacteria are those that retain a crystal violet dye during the Gram stain process.[1] Gram-positive bacteria appear blue or violet under a microscope, while Gram-negative bacteria appear red or pink.
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A facultative anaerobic organism is an organism, usually a bacterium, that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but is also capable of switching to fermentation. In contrast, obligate anaerobes die in presence of oxygen.
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Motility is a biological term which refers to the ability to move spontaneously and independently. It can apply to either single-celled or multicellular organisms.

In cellular biology or biomedical engineering, motility often refers to directed cell movement down gradients
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Actinobacteria
Margulis

Class: Actinobacteria

Subclasses
Acidimicrobidae
Actinobacteridae
Coriobacteridae
Rubrobacteridae
Sphaerobacteridae
The Actinobacteria
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In microbiology, flora (plural: floras or floræ) refers to the collective bacteria and other microorganisms in an ecosystem (usually an animal host or a single part of its body).
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A pathogen or infectious agent is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host.[1] The term is most often used for agents that disrupt the normal physiology of a multicellular animal or plant.
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Immunodeficiency
Classification & external resources

ICD-10 D 84.9
ICD-9 279.3

DiseasesDB 21506

MeSH D007153 In medicine, immunodeficiency (or immune deficiency
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Lymphadenopathy
Classifications and external resources

ICD-10 I 88. , L 04. , R 59.1
ICD-9 289.1 - 289.3 , 683 , 785.6

DiseasesDB 22225

eMedicine ped/1333  
MeSH D008206 Lymphadenopathy
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Pneumonitis is a general term that refers to inflammation of lung tissue. Pneumonia is one type of pneumonitis caused by an infection. Many other factors can cause pneumonitis, including breathing in animal dander, inhaling small food particles "down the wrong pipe" and receiving
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Pharyngitis
Classification & external resources

Viral pharyngitis.
The oropharynx is swollen and red.
ICD-10 J 02. , J 31.2
ICD-9 462 , 472.1

DiseasesDB 24580
MedlinePlus 000655
eMedicine emerg/419  
MeSH D010612
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MeSH D004696 Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium. The most common structures involved are the heart valves.

Endocarditis can be classified by etiology as either infective or non-infective
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Neutropenia
Classification & external resources

ICD-10 D 70.
ICD-9 288.0

Neutropenia (or neutropaenia, adjective neutrop(a)enic
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An artificial heart valve is a device which is implanted in the heart of patients who suffer from valvular diseases in their heart. When one or two of the four heart valves of the heart have a malfunction, the choice is normally to replace the natural valve by an artificial valve.
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In medicine, a shunt is a hole or passage which moves, or allows movement of, fluid from one part of the body to another. The term may describe either congenital or acquired shunts; and acquired shunts (sometimes referred to as iatrogenic shunts) may be either or .
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In medicine a catheter is a tube that can be inserted into a body cavity, duct or vessel. Catheters thereby allow drainage or injection of fluids or access by surgical instruments. The process of inserting a catheter is catheterisation.
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Glutamic acid or glutamate (abbreviated as Glu or E; Glx or Z represents either glutamic acid or glutamine), is the protonated form of glutamate (the anion). Glutamate is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids.
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C. diphtheriae

Binomial name
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Kruse, 1886

Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria.
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MeSH D004165 Diphtheria (Greek διφθερα (diphthera) — “pair of leather scrolls”), is an upper respiratory tract illness characterized by sore throat, low-grade fever, and an adherent membrane (a
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C. bovis

Binomial name
Corynebacterium bovis

Corynebacterium bovis is a pathogenic veterinary bacterium that causes mastitis and pyelonephritis in cattle.

C.
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P. acnes

Binomial name
Propionibacterium acnes
(Gilchrist 1900)
Douglas & Gunter 1946

Propionibacterium acnes
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C. renale

Binomial name
Corynebacterium renale

Corynebacterium renale is a pathogenic veterinary bacterium that causes cystitis and pyelonephritis in cattle.[1]

C.
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Trichomycosis axillaris is a superficial bacterial colonization of the hair shafts in sweat gland–bearing areas, such as the armpits and the pubic area. It is a trivial disease of worldwide occurrence that is believed to be caused by the genus Corynebacteria (mostly
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