Information about Controlled Natural Language
Controlled natural languages (CNLs) are subsets of natural languages, obtained by
restricting the grammar and vocabulary in order
to reduce or eliminate ambiguity and complexity.
Traditionally, controlled languages fall into two major types:
those that improve readability for human readers (e.g. non-native speakers),
and those that enable reliable automatic semantic analysis of the language.
The first type of languages (often called "simplified" or "technical" languages), for example ASD Simplified Technical English, Caterpillar Technical English, IBM's Easy English, are used in the industry to increase the quality of technical documentation, and possibly simplify the (semi-)automatic translation of the documentation. These languages restrict the writer by general rules such as "write short and grammatically simple sentences", "use nouns instead of pronouns", "use determiners", and "use active instead of passive". [1]
The second type of languages have a formal logical basis, i.e. they have a formal syntax and semantics, and can be mapped to an existing formal language, such as first-order logic. Thus, those languages can be used as knowledge representation languages, and writing of those languages is supported by fully automatic consistency and redundancy checks, query answering, etc.
The first type of languages (often called "simplified" or "technical" languages), for example ASD Simplified Technical English, Caterpillar Technical English, IBM's Easy English, are used in the industry to increase the quality of technical documentation, and possibly simplify the (semi-)automatic translation of the documentation. These languages restrict the writer by general rules such as "write short and grammatically simple sentences", "use nouns instead of pronouns", "use determiners", and "use active instead of passive". [1]
The second type of languages have a formal logical basis, i.e. they have a formal syntax and semantics, and can be mapped to an existing formal language, such as first-order logic. Thus, those languages can be used as knowledge representation languages, and writing of those languages is supported by fully automatic consistency and redundancy checks, query answering, etc.
Languages
Examples of existing controlled natural languages include:- Attempto Controlled English
- Common Logic Controlled English (CLCE)
- E-Prime
- Gellish
- Metalog's Pseudo Natural Language (PNL)
- Ordnance Survey Rabbit
- Processable ENGlish (PENG)
- Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Rules
- Uwe Muegge's Controlled Language Optimized for Uniform Translation (CLOUT)
See also
References
1. ^ Muegge, Uwe (2007). "Controlled language: the next big thing in translation?". ClientSide News Magazine 7 (7): 21-24.
External links
- Controlled Natural Languages (Macquarie University)
- ASD Simplified Technical English (AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe--formerly AECMA)
- Simplus - Simplified English Checker
- acrocheck - Customizable controlled language checker for many authoring environments
Ambiguity is the property of words, terms, notations and concepts (within a particular context) as being undefined, undefinable, or without an obvious definition and thus having an unclear meaning.
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First-order logic (FOL) is a formal deductive system used by mathematicians, philosophers, linguists, and computer scientists. It goes by many names, including: first-order predicate calculus (FOPC), the lower predicate calculus,
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Knowledge representation is an issue that arises in both cognitive science and artificial intelligence. In cognitive science it is concerned with how people store and process information.
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Attempto Controlled English (ACE) is a controlled natural language, i.e. a subset of standard English with a restricted syntax and a restricted semantics described by a small set of construction and interpretation rules [1].
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E-Prime uses a modified English syntax and vocabulary lacking all forms of the verb to be: be, is, am, are, was, were, been and being, as well as their contractions, such as it's and I'm.
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Gellish is a controlled natural language in which information and knowledge can be expressed such that it is computer interpretable, but still system independent. Gellish is a structured subset of natural language that is suitable for information and knowledge representation and as
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Ordnance Survey (OS) is an executive agency of the United Kingdom government. It is the national mapping agency for Great Britain,[1] and one of the world's largest producers of maps.
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The Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Rules (SBVR) is an adopted standard of the Object Management Group (OMG) intended to be the basis for a formal and detailed natural language declarative description of a complex entity, such as a business.
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Uwe Muegge (pronounced [ˈuːvə mygə]), (b. 1960) is an innovator and educator in the field of translation.
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A constructed or artificial language — known colloquially/informally as a conlang — is a language whose phonology, grammar, and/or vocabulary have been devised by an individual or group, instead of having naturally evolved as part of a culture.
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Knowledge representation is an issue that arises in both cognitive science and artificial intelligence. In cognitive science it is concerned with how people store and process information.
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Natural language processing (NLP) is a subfield of artificial intelligence and computational linguistics. It studies the problems of automated generation and understanding of natural human languages.
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