Information about Content Type

Mime or pantomime is a theatrical medium or performance art, involving the acting out of a story by a mime artist through body motions, without use of speech.

History

The performance of pantomime originates at its earliest in ancient Greece; the name is taken from a single masked dancer called Pantomimus, although performances were not necessarily silent. In Medieval Europe, early forms of mime such as mummer plays and later dumbshows evolved. In early nineteenth century Paris, Jean-Gaspard Deburau solidified the many attributes that we have come to know in modern times — the silent figure in whiteface.

Marcel Marceau was perhaps the most well-known modern mime.

In film

Prior to the work of Etienne Decroux there was no major treatise on the art of mime, and so any recreation of mime as performed prior to the twentieth century is largely conjecture, based on interpretation of diverse sources. However, the twentieth century also brought a new medium into widespread usage: the motion picture.

The restrictions of early motion picture technology meant that stories had to be told with minimal dialogue which was largely restricted to intertitles. This often demanded a highly stylized form of physical acting largely derived from the stage. Thus, mime played an important role in films prior to advent of talkies. The mimetic style of film acting was used to great effect in German Expressionism film.

Silent film comedians like Charles Chaplin, Harold Lloyd and Buster Keaton learned the craft of mime in the theatre but through film had a profound influence on mimes who work in live theatre even decades after their death. Indeed, Chaplin may be the best documented mime in history.

The famous French comedian, writer and director Jacques Tati achieved his initial popularity working as a mime, and indeed his later films had only minimal dialogue, relying instead on many subtle expertly choreographed visual gags. Tati, like Chaplin before him, would mime out the movements of every single character in his films and ask his actors to repeat them.

In non-Western theatre traditions

While most of this article has treated mime as a constellation of related and historically linked Western theatre genres and performance techniques, analogous performances are evident in the theatrical traditions of other civilizations.

Classical Indian musical theatre, although often erroneously labeled a "dance," is a group of theatrical forms in which the performer presents a narrative via stylized gesture, an array of hand positions, and mime illusions to play different characters, actions, and landscapes. Recitation, music, and even percussive footwork sometimes accompany the performance. The Natya Shastra, an ancient treatise on theatre by Bharata Muni, mentions silent performance, or mukhabinaya.

See also

• Mummers Play
• Dumbshow
• Floating (dance)
• Liquid dancing
• Popping (dance)
• Physical theatre
• Corporeal mime

External links

• Classic Mime Artist Characters
• Physical Theatre Live Journal A community containing information of Physical Theatre [and everything similar and connecting to it], Physical Theatre performers, companies, books, schools, reviews, tour information, discussions.
• International corporeal mime school in Barcelona
• Information on Etienne Decroux's Corporeal mime
• The World of Mime Theatre International mime theatre information, including a library, resources, performer contacts, and events calendar.
• The School for Mime Theatre A school for mime located in Gambier, Ohio.
• Suman Mukherjee India's youngest mime legend.

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Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) is an Internet Standard that extends the format of e-mail to support:

• text in character sets other than US-ASCII;
• non-text attachments;
• multi-part message bodies; and
• header information in non-ASCII character sets.

Virtually all human-written Internet e-mail and a fairly large proportion of automated e-mail is transmitted via SMTP in MIME format. Internet e-mail is so closely associated with the SMTP and MIME standards that it is sometimes called SMTP/MIME e-mail.[1]

The content types defined by MIME standards are also of importance outside of e-mail, such as in communication protocols like HTTP for the World Wide Web. HTTP requires that data be transmitted in the context of e-mail-like messages, even though the data may not actually be e-mail.

MIME is specified in six RFCs : RFC 2045, RFC 2046, RFC 2047, RFC 4288, RFC 4289 and RFC 2077.

Introduction

The basic Internet e-mail transmission protocol, SMTP, supports only 7-bit ASCII characters (see also 8BITMIME). This effectively limits Internet e-mail to messages which, when transmitted, include only the characters sufficient for writing a small number of languages, primarily English. Other languages based on the Latin alphabet typically include diacritics not supported in 7-bit ASCII, meaning text in these languages cannot be correctly represented in basic e-mail.

MIME defines mechanisms for sending other kinds of information in e-mail, including text in languages other than English using character encodings other than ASCII as well as 8-bit binary content such as files containing images, sounds, movies, and computer programs. MIME is also a fundamental component of communication protocols such as HTTP, which requires that data be transmitted in the context of e-mail-like messages, even though the data might not fit this context. Mapping messages into and out of MIME format is typically done automatically by an e-mail client or by mail servers when sending or receiving Internet (SMTP/MIME) e-mail.

The basic format of Internet e-mail is defined in RFC 2822, which is an updated version of RFC 822. These standards specify the familiar formats for text e-mail headers and body and rules pertaining to commonly used header fields such as "To:", "Subject:", "From:", and "Date:". MIME defines a collection of e-mail headers for specifying additional attributes of a message including content type, and defines a set of transfer encodings which can be used to represent 8-bit binary data using characters from the 7-bit ASCII character set. MIME also specifies rules for encoding non-ASCII characters in e-mail message headers, such as "Subject:", allowing these header fields to contain non-English characters.

MIME is extensible. Its definition includes a method to register new content types and other MIME attribute values.

The goals of the MIME definition included requiring no changes to pre-existing e-mail servers, and allowing plain text e-mail to function in both directions with pre-existing clients. These goals are achieved by using additional RFC 822-style headers for all MIME message attributes and by making the MIME headers optional with default values ensuring a non-MIME message is interpreted correctly by a MIME-capable client. In addition, a simple MIME text message is likely to be interpreted correctly by a non-MIME client although it has e-mail headers the non-MIME client won't know how to interpret. Similarly, if the quoted printable transfer encoding (see below) is used, the ASCII part of the message will be intelligible to users with non-MIME clients.

MIME headers

MIME-Version

The presence of this header indicates the message is MIME-formatted. The value is typically "1.0" so this header appears as MIME-Version: 1.0

It should be noted that implementers have attempted to change the version number in the past and the change had unforeseen results. It was decided at an IETF meeting to leave the version number as is, even though there have been many updates and versions of MIME.

Content-Type

This header indicates the Internet media type of the message content, consisting of a type and subtype, for example Content-Type: text/plain

Through the use of the multipart type, MIME allows messages to have parts arranged in a tree structure where the leaf nodes are any non-multipart content type and the non-leaf nodes are any of a variety of multipart types. This mechanism supports:

• simple text messages using text/plain (the default value for "Content-type:")
• text plus attachments (multipart/mixed with a text/plain part and other non-text parts). A MIME message including an attached file generally indicates the file's original name with the "Content-disposition:" header, so the type of file is indicated both by the MIME content-type and the (usually OS-specific) filename extension
• reply with original attached (multipart/mixed with a text/plain part and the original message as a message/rfc822 part)
• alternative content, such as a message sent in both plain text and another format such as HTML (multipart/alternative with the same content in text/plain and text/html forms)
• many other message constructs

Content-Transfer-Encoding

In June 1992, MIME (RFC 1341, since obsoleted by RFC 2045) defined a set of methods for representing binary data in ASCII text format. The content-transfer-encoding: MIME header indicates the method that has been used. The RFC and the IANA's list of transfer encodings define the following values, which are not case sensitive:

• Suitable for use with normal SMTP:
• 7bit — up to 998 octets per line of the code range 1..127 with CR and LF (codes 13 and 10 respectively) only allowed to appear as part of a CRLF line ending. This is the default value.
• quoted-printable — used to encode arbitrary octet sequences into a form that satisfies the rules of 7bit. Designed to be efficient and mostly human readable when used for text data consisting primarily of US-ASCII characters but also containing a small proportion of bytes with values outside that range.
• base64 — used to encode arbitrary octet sequences into a form that satisfies the rules of 7bit. Has a fixed overhead and is intended for non text data and text that is not ASCII heavy.
• Suitable for use with SMTP servers that support the 8BITMIME SMTP extension:
• 8bit — up to 998 octets per line with CR and LF (codes 13 and 10 respectively) only allowed to appear as part of a CRLF line ending.
• Suitable only for use with SMTP servers that support the BINARYMIME SMTP extension (RFC 3030):
• binary — any sequence of octets.

There is no encoding defined which is explicitly designed for sending arbitrary binary data through SMTP transports with the 8BITMIME extension. Thus base64 or quoted-printable (with their associated inefficiency) must sometimes still be used. This restriction does not apply to other uses of MIME such as Web Services with MIME attachments or MTOM.

Encoded-Word

Since RFC 2822, message header names and values are always ASCII characters; values that contain non-ASCII data must use the MIME encoded-word syntax (RFC 2047) instead of a literal string. This syntax uses a string of ASCII characters indicating both the original character encoding (the "charset") and the content-transfer-encoding used to map the bytes of the charset into ASCII characters.

The form is: "=?charset?encoding?encoded text?=".

• charset may be any character set registered with IANA. Typically it would be the same charset as the message body.
• encoding can be either "Q" denoting Q-encoding that is similar to the quoted-printable encoding, or "B" denoting base64 encoding.
• encoded text is the Q-encoded or base64-encoded text.

Difference between Q-encoding and quoted-printable

The ASCII codes for the question mark (?) and equals sign may not be represented directly as they are used to delimit the encoded-word. The ASCII code for space may not be represented directly because it could cause older parsers to split up the encoded word undesirably. To make the encoding smaller and easier to read the underscore is used to represent the ASCII code for space creating the side effect that underscore cannot be represented directly. Use of encoded words in certain parts of headers imposes further restrictions on which characters may be represented directly.

For example,

Subject: =?utf-8?Q?=C2=A1Hola,_se=C3=B1or!?=

is interpreted as "Subject: ¡Hola, señor!".

The encoded-word format is not used for the names of the headers (for example Subject). These header names are always in English in the raw message. When viewing a message with a non-English e-mail client, the header names are usually translated by the client.

Multipart Messages

A MIME multipart message contains a boundary in the "Content-type:" header; this boundary, which must not occur in any of the parts, is placed between the parts, and at the beginning and end of the body of the message, as follows:

MIME-version: 1.0 Content-type: multipart/mixed; boundary="frontier"

This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --frontier Content-type: text/plain

This is the body of the message. --frontier Content-type: application/octet-stream Content-transfer-encoding: base64

PGh0bWw+CiAgPGhlYWQ+CiAgPC9oZWFkPgogIDxib2R5PgogICAgPHA+VGhpcyBpcyB0aGUg Ym9keSBvZiB0aGUgbWVzc2FnZS48L3A+CiAgPC9ib2R5Pgo8L2h0bWw+Cg== --frontier--

Each part consists of its own content header (zero or more Content- header fields) and a body. Multipart content can be nested. The content-transfer-encoding of a multipart type must always be "7bit", "8bit" or "binary" to avoid the complications that would be posed by multiple levels of decoding. The multipart block as a whole does not have a charset; non-ASCII characters in the part headers are handled by the Encoded-Word system, and the part bodies can have charsets specified if appropriate for their content-type.

Notes:

• Before the first boundary is an area that is ignored by MIME compliant clients. This area is generally used to put a message to users of old non-MIME clients.
• It is up to the sending mail client to choose a boundary string that doesn't clash with the body text. Typically this is done by inserting a large random string.

Multipart Subtypes

The MIME standard defines various multipart-message subtypes, which specify the nature of the message parts and their relationship to one another. The subtype is specified in the "Content-Type" header of the overall message. For example, a multipart MIME message using the digest subtype would have its Content-Type set as "multipart/digest".

The RFC initially defined 4 subtypes: mixed, digest, alternate and parallel. A minimally compliant application must support mixed and digest; other subtypes are optional. Additional subtypes, such as signed and form-data, have since been separately defined in other RFCs.

The following is a list of the most commonly used subtypes; it is not intended to be a comprehensive list.

Mixed

Multipart/mixed is used for sending files with different "Content-Type" headers inline (or as attachments). If sending pictures or other easily readable files, most mail clients will display them inline (unless otherwise specified with the "Content-disposition" header). Otherwise it will offer them as attachments. The default content-type for each part is "text/plain".

Defined in RFC 2046, Section 5.1.3

Digest

Multipart/digest is a simple way to send multiple text messages. The default content-type for each part is "message/rfc822".

Defined in RFC 2231, Section 5.1.5...

Alternative

The multipart/alternative subtype indicates that each part is an "alternative" version of the same (or similar) content, each in a different format denoted by its "Content-Type" header. The formats are ordered by how faithful they are to the original, with the least faithful first and the most faithful last. Systems can then choose the "best" representation they are capable of processing; in general, this will be the last part that the system can understand, although other factors may affect this.

Since a client is unlikely to want to send a version that is less faithful than the plain text version this structure places the plain text version (if present) first. This makes life easier for users of clients that do not understand multipart messages.

Most commonly multipart/alternative is used for email with two parts, one plain text (text/plain) and one HTML (text/html). The plain text part provides backwards compatibility while the HTML part allows use of formatting and hyperlinks. Most email clients offer a user option to prefer plain text over HTML; this is an example of how local factors may affect how an application chooses which "best" part of the message to display.

While it is intended that each part of the message represent the same content, it is not enforced in any way. At one time, anti-spam filters would only examine the text/plain part of a message, because it is easier to parse than the text/html part. But spammers eventually took advantage of this, creating messages with an innocuous-looking text/plain part and advertising in the text/html part. Anti-spam software eventually caught up on this trick, penalizing messages with very different text in a multipart/alternative message.

Defined in RFC 2046, Section 5.1.4

Related

A multipart/related is used to indicate that message parts should not be considered individually but rather as parts of an aggregate whole. The message consists of a root part (by default, the first) which reference other parts inline, which may in turn reference other parts. Message parts are commonly referenced by the "Content-ID" part header. The syntax of a reference is unspecified and is instead dictated by the encoding or protocol used in the referring part.

One common usage of this subtype is to send a web page complete with images in a single message. The root part would contain the HTML document, and use image tags to reference images stored in the latter parts.

Defined in RFC 2387

Report

Multipart/report is a message type that contains data formatted for a mail server to read. It is split between a text/plain (or some other content/type easily readable) and a message/delivery-status, which contains the data formatted for the mail server to read.

Defined in RFC 3462

Signed

A multipart/signed message is used to attach a digital signature to a message. It has two parts, a body part and a signature part. The whole of the body part, including mime headers, is used to create the signature part. Many signature types are possible, like application/pgp-signature and application/x-pkcs7-signature.

Defined in RFC 1847, Section 2.1

Encrypted

A multipart/encrypted message has two parts. The first part has control information that is needed to decrypt the application/octet-stream second part.

Defined in RFC 1847, Section 2.2

Form Data

As its name implies, multipart/form-data is used to express values submitted through a form. Originally defined as part of HTML 4.0, it is most commonly used for submitting files via HTTP.

Defined in RFC 2388

Mixed-Replace (Experimental)

The content type multipart/x-mixed-replace was developed as part of a technology to emulate server push and streaming over HTTP.

All parts of a mixed-replace message have the same semantic meaning. However, each part invalidates - "replaces" - the previous parts as soon as it is received completely. Clients should process the individual parts as soon as they arrive and should not wait for the whole message to finish.

Originally developed by Netscape, it is still supported by Mozilla, Firefox, Safari (but not in Safari on the iPhone) and Opera, but traditionally ignored by Microsoft.

See also

• SOAP with Attachments
• DIME — a now superseded Microsoft-proposed protocol intended as a streamlined MIME, primarily for use in web services.
• S/MIME
• Mailcap
• Unicode and e-mail
• Internet media type

References

RFC 1847

Security Multiparts for MIME: Multipart/Signed and Multipart/Encrypted ; RFC 2045 : MIME Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies. ; RFC 2046 : MIME Part Two: Media Types. N. Freed, Nathaniel Borenstein. November 1996. ; RFC 2047 : MIME Part Three: Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text. Keith Moore. November 1996. ; RFC 4288 : MIME Part Four: Media Type Specifications and Registration Procedures. ; RFC 4289 : MIME Part Four: Registration Procedures. N. Freed, J. Klensin. December 2005. ; RFC 2049 : MIME Part Five: Conformance Criteria and Examples. N. Freed, N. Borenstein. November 1996. ; RFC 2231 : MIME Parameter Value and Encoded Word Extensions: Character Sets, Languages, and Continuations. N. Freed, K. Moore. November 1997. ; RFC 2387 : The MIME Multipart/Related Content-type ; RFC 1521 : Mechanisms for Specifying and Describing the Format of Internet Message Bodies

External links

• List of IANA registered MIME Media Types
• List of Character Sets
• A more detailed overview of MIME (1993)
• Properly Configuring Server MIME Types
• W3 School's Multimedia MIME Reference
• Open Source C++ Mime Email Parser