Cisalpine Republic

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Information about Cisalpine Republic

This article is about the Napoleonic state. For other uses of the word "Cisalpine", see Cisalpine.

Repubblica Cisalpina
Cisalpine Republic

Client state

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1797 – 1802

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Flag of Cisalpine Republic

The flag of the Cisalpine Republic was the Transpadane vertical Italian tricolour, with the square shape of the Cispadane flag.

Location of Cisalpine Republic

Northern Italy in 1796; the duchies of Milan, Mantua, Parma, Modena–Reggio were merged into the Cisalpine Republic, along with the Papal Legations (here labelled Papal States), the Bishopric of Trent and parts of the Venetian Republic and Piedmont.

Capital

Milan

Government

Client state }}

Directory

- 1797–98

First Directory

- 1798

Second Directory

- 1798–99

Third Directory

Legislature

- Upper house

Seniori (Elders)

- Lower house

Giuniori (Youngers)

Historical era

Napoleonic Wars

- Established

June 29, 1797

- Recognised by Austria

October 17 1797

- Occupied by Austria

April 27, 1799

- Restored by France

June 2 1800

- Reformed by France

February 9, 1801

- Renamed Italian Rep

1802

- Renamed Italian Kgdm

March 17, 1805

Northern Italy in 1803

The Cisalpine Republic (Italian: Repubblica Cisalpina) was a French client republic in Northern Italy that lasted from 1797 to 1802.

After the Battle of Lodi, in May 1796, the French general Napoleon Bonaparte proceeded to organize two states — one on the south of the Po River, the Cispadane Republic, and one on the north, the Transpadane Republic. These two along with the province of Novara were merged into the Cisalpine Republic on June 29, 1797, with capital Milan. Austria acknowledged the new entity in the Treaty of Campoformio of October 17 of the same year, gaining in exchange what remained of the Venetian Republic.

Extension

The Cisalpine Republic consisted of roughly the former Duchy of Milan, those portions of the Republic of Venice west of the Adige River, the Duchy of Modena, the Papal Legations, and the Piedmontese province of Novara. The republic had a territory of more than 42,500 square kilometers (16,000 square miles), and a population of 3,240,000 in 20 départements. Milan was the capital city, the main center having 124,000 inhabitants in 1764. The country was prosperous despite the spoilings made by occupants in the past centuries. Its economy was based on a cereal agriculture and cattling, plus a flourishing small industry, notably the production of silk.

Relations with Switzerland

The new government aimed to unite all Italian lands into a single state. This created tensions with Switzerland, which includes Italian-speaking areas south of the Alps. On 10 October 1797, the French supported a revolt in the Valtellina. The Cisalpine Republic ended up taking control of Campione d'Italia and the Valtellina from Graubünden (English: Grey League, French: Grisons, Italian: Grigioni) and joined the republic. A Cisalpine attempt to conquer Lugano by surprise in 1797 failed.

Institutional form

The institutions of the new republic were much similar to those of France. The territory was divided in departments, which elected the judges of peace, the magistrates and the electors, one in every 200 people having right of vote. The latter elected two councils: the Seniori ("Elders") and the Giuniori ("Youngers"). The first was composed by forty to sixty members, and approved the laws and variations to the Constitutional Chart. The second had from eighty to one hundred twenty members, and proposed the laws. Both councils discussed treaties, the choice of a Directory and the determination of tributes. The legislative corps included men like Pietro Verri, Giuseppe Parini and the scientist Alessandro Volta.

The Directory included five ministers and represented the executive power: leaders were local politicians like Gian Galeazzo Serbelloni (first president) and Francesco Melzi d'Erzil. The supreme authority, however, was the commander of the French troops.

The republic also adopted the French Republican Calendar.

On July 7, 1797, the new constitution was promulgated, inspired by the French republican one.

The treaty of Alliance

Formally, the Cisalpine Republic was an independent state allied with France, but the treaty of alliance stated the effective subalternity of the new republic to its ally. The French in fact had the control of the local police, and left an army consisting of 25,000 Frenchmen, paid by the republic. The Cisalpines had also to form another army of 35,000 men to take part in the French campaigns.

On March 4, 1798, the Directory presented the treaty to the Giuniori for ratification. The council did not agree with terms, and took its time before take a decision. In the end the French general Berthier compelled the members to accept it. The Seniori instead refused it since the very beginning, as the new state had not the money to face the conditions requested. Berthier menaced to impose a military government, but later was replaced by general Brune. The latter, after having changed some Seniors and Juniors, obtained the signing of the treaty on June 8, 1798.

On May 11 1798, the Cisalpine Republic had adopted as its flag a squared Tricolore.

The second Republic

Consulta of the République cisalpine to receive the First Consul, 26 January 1802, Nicolas-André Monsiau, 1806–08

30 soldi coin of the Cisalpine Republic, 1801

The Republic was dissolved after the defeats of France against the Second Coalition in August 1799. It was occupied by Austrian forces, who departed only after June 1800, when Napoleon won the Battle of Marengo. It was restored after the Treaty of Lunéville of February 9, 1801, and its territory was extended to the former Austrian lands of the Veneto and the Papal Legations of today's Marche.

In January 1802, the Cisalpine Republic changed its name to the Italian Republic, when Napoleon had himself elected president, 24 January, on the advice of Talleyrand. Two days later, in the scene officially commemorated by Monsiau (illustration, left) Bonaparte appeared in the Collège de la Trinité of Lyon, attended by Murat, Berthier, Louis Bonaparte, Hortense and Joséphine de Beauharnais, heard the assembled notables acclaim the Italian Republic.

Later the Republic became the Kingdom of Italy (1805–14).

The state was divided, following the French system, into the following départements:

Adda (capital Sondrio)
Agogna (capital Novara)
Upper Po (capital Cremona)
Lower Po (capital Ferrara)
Crostolo (capital Reggio Emilia)
Cario (capital Como)
Mella (capital Brescia)
Mincia (capital Mantova)
Olona (capital Milan)
Panaro (capital Modena)
Reno (capital Bologna)
Rubicon (capital Cesena)
Serio (capital Bergamo)

History

The Duchy of Mantua was a Lombard duchy in Northern Italy, subject to the Holy Roman Empire.

After the fall of the Roman Empire, Mantua was invaded by Byzantines, Longobards and Franks.
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The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, as a fief for Pope Paul III's illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese, centered on the city of Parma.
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Duchy of Modena (in full, the Duchies of Modena and Reggio) was a small Italian state that existed from 1452 to 1859, with a break between 1796 and 1814. The Duchy was originally created for the Este family, who also ruled Ferrara until 1597.
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The term Papal Legation, in a territorial sense, refers to certain northern administrative regions of the erstwhile Papal States: specifically the "Legations" of Ferrara, Bologna, and Romagna.
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The Bishopric of Trent is a former independent state of Northern Italy which was created in 1027 and existed until 1802, when it was absorbed into Habsburg territory in the Holy Roman Empire.
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Most Serene Republic of Venice (Italian: Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia, Venetian: Republica de Venesia
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Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist, the capital was moved, or the capital city was renamed. This is a list of such cities, sorted by country and then by date.
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MILAN (French: Missile d´infanterie léger antichar = Anti-Tank Light Infantry Missile) is a European anti-tank guided missile. Design of the MILAN started in 1962. It was ready for trials in 1971, and was accepted for service in 1972.
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government is a body that has the power to make and the authority to enforce rules and laws within a civil, corporate, religious, academic, or other organization or group.^[1]
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Client state is one of several terms used to describe the subordination of one state to a more powerful state in international affairs. It is the least specific of these terms and may be treated as a broad category which includes satellite state, puppet state, neo-colony,
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Executive Directory (in French Directoire exécutif), commonly known as the Directory (or Directoire) held executive power in France from November 2, 1795 until November 10, 1799: following the Convention and preceding the Consulate.
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