Cartimandua

Information about Cartimandua

Cartimandua (or Cartismandua, ruled ca.43 - 69), whose name means "sleek pony", was a queen of the Brigantes, who formed a large tribal agglomeration in northern England in the early Roman period. She is known from the work of a single Roman historian, Tacitus.

History

Although Cartimandua is first mentioned by Tacitus in AD 51, her rule over the Brigantes may have already been established when the emperor Claudius began the organized conquest of Britain in 43: she may have been one of the eleven "kings" who Claudius' triumphal arch says surrendered without a fight.^[1] If not, she may have come to power after a revolt of a faction of the Brigantes was defeated by Publius Ostorius Scapula in 48.^[2] Of "illustrious birth"^[3] according to Tacitus, she probably inherited her power as she appears to have ruled by right rather than through marriage. She and her husband, Venutius, are described by Tacitus as loyal to Rome and "defended by our [Roman] arms". In 51 the British resistance leader Caratacus sought sanctuary with Cartimandua after being defeated by Ostorius Scapula in Wales, but Cartimandua handed him over to the Romans in chains.^[4]

Having given the Claudius the greatest exhibit of his triumph, Cartimandua was rewarded with great wealth.<ref name="h3.45" /> She later divorced Venutius, replacing him with his armour-bearer, Vellocatus. In 57, although Cartimandua had seized and held his brother and other relatives hostage, Venutius made war against her and then against her Roman protectors. He built alliances outside the Brigantes, and during the governorship of Aulus Didius Gallus (52 - 57) he staged an invasion of the kingdom. The Romans had anticipated this and sent some cohorts to defend their client queen. The fighting was inconclusive until Caesius Nasica arrived with a legion, the IX Hispana, and defeated the rebels. Cartimandua retained the throne thanks to prompt military support from Roman forces.^[5]

She was not so fortunate in 69. Taking advantage of Roman instability during the year of four emperors, Venutius staged another revolt, again with help from other nations. Cartimandua appealed for troops from the Romans, who were only able to send auxiliaries. Cartimandua was evacuated, leaving Venutius in control of the kingdom.<ref name="h3.45" /> After this, Cartimandua disappears from the sources.

Cartimandua's representation by Tacitus

In his moralising narratives the Annals and the Histories, Tacitus presents Cartimandua in a negative light. Although he refers to her loyalty to Rome, he invites the reader to judge her "treacherous"<ref name="h3.45" /> role in the capture of Caratacus, who had sought her protection, her "self-indulgence"<ref name="h3.45" /> and sexual impropriety in rejecting her husband in favour of a common soldier, and her "cunning strategems"<ref name="a12.40" /> in taking Venutius' relatives hostage. However, he also consistently names her as a queen (regina),<ref name="h3.45" /><ref name="a12.40" /><ref name="a12.36" /> the only one such known in early Roman Britain - Boudica, the only other British female leader of the period, is not described in these terms.

References

1. ^
2. ^ Tacitus, Annals
3. ^ Tacitus, Histories
4. ^ Tacitus, Annals
5. ^ Tacitus, Annals

External links

1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century
10s 20s 30s - 40s - 50s 60s 70s
40 41 42 - 43 - 44 45 46

This article is about the year 43. For other uses, see 43 (number).

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1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century
30s 40s 50s - 60s - 70s 80s 90s
66 67 68 - 69 - 70 71 72
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The Brigantes were a British Celtic tribe who lived between the rivers Tyne and Humber. They may be related to the Brigantii of the eastern Alps. It is thought that their name derives from that of the Celtic goddess Brigantia (Brigid).
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Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410. The Romans referred to their province as Britannia.
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Gaius Cornelius Tacitus

Gaius Cornelius Tacitus
Born: Circa 56AD

Died: Circa 117

Occupation: Senator, consul, governor, historian
Genres: History
Subjects: History, biography, oratory
Literary movement: Silver Age of Latin
Debut works:
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Claudius
Emperor of the Roman Empire

Reign January 24 41–October 13 54
Full name Tiberius Claudius Caesar
Augustus Germanicus (Britannicus AD44)
Born August 1 10 BC
Lugdunum
Died September 13 54 (age 64)

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Roman invasion of Britain, Britain had already frequently been the target of invasions, planned and actual, by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. In common with other regions on the edge of the empire, Britain had long enjoyed trading links with the Romans and their
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Publius Ostorius Scapula (died 52) was a Roman statesman and general who governed Britain from 47 until his death, and was responsible for the defeat and capture of Caratacus.
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Venutius was a 1st century king of the Brigantes in northern Britain at the time of the Roman conquest. Some have suggested he may have belonged to the Carvetii, a tribe which probably formed part of the Brigantes confederation.
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Caratacus (Brythonic *Caratācos, Greek Καράτακος; variants Latin Caractacus, Greek Καρτάκης
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Motto
Cymru am byth (Welsh)
"Wales forever"
Anthem
"Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau"
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A Roman triumph (, Old Latin triumpus, attested as the exclamation TRIVMPE
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Vellocatus was a 1st century king of the Brigantes tribe of northern Britain.

He was originally armour-bearer to Venutius, husband of Cartimandua, the queen of the Brigantes and an ally of Rome.
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Aulus Didius Gallus was a Roman general and politician of the 1st century AD.

Career

The career of Aulus Didius Gallus up to 51 can be partly reconstructed from an inscription from Olympia. He was quaestor under Tiberius, probably in 19.
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A cohort (from the Latin cohors, plural cohortes) is a fairly large military unit, generally consisting of one type of soldier.

Military cohort

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Caesius Nasica was a Roman military officer.

He commanded Legio VIIII Hispana in Britain, and defeated the first revolt of Venutius of the Brigantes during the governorship of Aulus Didius Gallus (52 to 57).
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Roman Legion (from Latin legio "military levy, conscription", from lego — "to collect") is a term that can apply both as a transliteration of legio
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Legio IX Hispana ("from Hispania") was a Roman legion probably levied by Julius Caesar before 58 BC, for his Gallic wars. The legion disappeared during the reign of Marcus Aurelius in the 2nd century, probably destroyed.
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Year of the Four Emperors was a year in the history of the Roman Empire, AD 69, in which four emperors ruled in a remarkable succession. These four emperors were Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian.
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Auxiliaries (from Latin: auxilia = supports) formed the standing non-citizen corps of the Roman army of the Principate (30 BC - 284 AD), alongside the citizen legions.
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The Annals, or, in Latin, Annales, is a history book by Tacitus covering the reign of the four Roman Emperors succeeding to Caesar Augustus. The parts of the work that survived from antiquity cover (most of) the reigns of Tiberius and Nero.
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The Histories (Latin: Historiae) is a book by Tacitus, written c. 100–110, which covers the Year of Four Emperors following the downfall of Nero, the rise of Vespasian, and the rule of the Flavian Dynasty (69–96) up to the death of Domitian.
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Boudica (also spelt Boudicca, formerly better known as Boadicea) (d. 60/61AD) was a queen of the Brythonic Celtic Iceni people of Norfolk in Eastern Britain who led a major uprising of the tribes against the occupying forces of the Roman Empire.
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