Carrier Protein

Information about Carrier Protein

Carrier proteins are proteins that transport a specific substance or group of substances across intracellular compartments or in extracellular fluids (e.g. in the blood) or else across the cell membrane. Some of the carriers are water-soluble proteins that may or may not interact with biological membranes, such as some transporters of small hydrophobic molecules, whereas others are integral transmembrane proteins.

Carrier proteins of the cell membrane transport substances down their concentration gradient out of or into the cell by facilitated diffusion and active transport. Each carrier protein is designed to recognize only one substance or one group of very similar substances. The molecule or ion to be transported (the substrate) must first bind at a binding site at the carrier molecule, with a certain binding affinity. Following binding, and while the binding site is facing, say, outwards, the carrier will capture or occlude (take in and retain) the substrate within its molecular structure and cause an internal translocation, so that it now faces the other side of the membrane. The substrate is finally released at that site, according to its binding affinity there. All steps are reversible.

For example:

Diffusion of sugars, amino acids,nucleoside.
Uptake of glucose.

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MeSH Carrier+proteins

• • [ e] Proteins: carrier proteins
Hormone	Follistatin - Growth hormone binding protein - Insulin-like growth factor binding protein - Neurophysins (Neurophysin I, II) Sex hormone binding globulin/Androgen binding protein - Transcortin - Thyroxine-binding globulin - Transthyretin
Metal/element	calcium (Calcium-binding protein, Calmodulin-binding proteins) - copper (Ceruloplasmin) - iron (Iron-binding proteins, Transferrin receptor)
Vitamin	Retinol binding protein (4) - Transcobalamins
Other	Acyl carrier protein - Adaptor protein - Cholesterylester transfer protein - F-box protein - GTP-binding protein - Latent TGF-beta binding protein - Light-harvesting complex - Membrane transport protein

Proteins are large organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues.
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A transmembrane protein is a protein that spans the entire biological membrane. Transmembrane proteins aggregate and precipitate in water. They require detergents or nonpolar solvents for extraction, although some of them (beta-barrels) can be also extracted using denaturing agents.
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This article is about the physical mechanism of diffusion. For alternative meanings, see diffusion (disambiguation).

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
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Facilitated diffusion (or facilitated transport) is a process of diffusion, a form of passive transport, where molecules diffuse across membranes, with the assistance of transport proteins.

Charged ions dissolve in water and diffuse through water channel proteins.
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Active transport (sometimes called active uptake) is the mediated transport of biochemicals, and other atomic/molecular substances, across membranes. Unlike passive transport, this process requires the expenditure of cellular energy to move molecules "uphill" against a
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Substrate may mean:

Substrate (aquarium), the material used in the bottom of an aquarium
Substrate (biochemistry), a molecule which is acted upon by an enzyme
Substrate (materials science), the material on which a process is conducted

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acyl carrier protein (ACP) is an important component in both fatty acid and polyketide biosynthesis with the growing chain bound during synthesis as a thiol ester at the distal thiol of a 4'-phophopantethiene moiety.
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Transport protein can refer to:

Membrane transport protein
Vesicular transport protein
Water-soluble carriers of small molecules

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Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. Created and updated by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), it is used by the MEDLINE/PubMed
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Follistatin is a single chain autocrine glycoprotein found to be ubiquitous within the body of nearly all higher animals, that is the product of a single gene.
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Growth hormone binding protein is, as its name would indicate, a carrier protein for growth hormone.

It is coded by the same gene as growth hormone receptor.

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MeSH somatotropin-binding+protein

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The Insulin-like growth factor binding protein serves as a carrier protein for Insulin-like growth factor 1.

Approximately 98% of IGF-1 is always bound to one of 6 binding proteins (IGF-BP). IGFBP-3, the most abundant protein, accounts for 80% of all IGF binding.
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Neurophysins are carrier proteins for the hormones generated in the hypothalamus and distributed from the posterior pituitary.

There are two types:

Neurophysin I - oxytocin
Neurophysin II - vasopressin

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Neurophysins

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Neurophysin I is a carrier protein with a size of 10 KDa and containing 90 to 97 aminoacids that transports neurohypophysial hormones along axons, from the hypothalamus to the posterior lobe of the pituitary.
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Neurophysin II is a carrier protein which binds vasopressin.

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MeSH Neurophysin+II

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Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a glycoprotein that binds to sex hormones, specifically testosterone and estradiol. Other steroid hormones such as progesterone, cortisol, and other corticosteroids are bound by transcortin.
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Androgen-binding protein (ABP) is a glycoprotein (beta-globulin) produced by the Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis that binds specifically to testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and 17-beta-estradiol.
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Transcortin, also corticosteroid-binding globulin or CBG, is officially called serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A (alpha-1 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 6.

It is an alpha-globulin.
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Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) is one of three proteins (along with transthyretin and albumin) responsible for carrying the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine (T3) in the bloodstream.
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Transthyretin (TTR) is a serum and cerebrospinal fluid carrier of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4).

TTR was originally called prealbumin^[1] because it ran faster than albumins on electrophoresis gels.
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Calcium-binding proteins are proteins that participate in calcium cell signalling pathways by binding to Ca²⁺.

The most ubiquitous Ca²⁺-sensing protein, found in all eukaryotic organisms including yeasts, is calmodulin.
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Calmodulin-binding proteins are, as their name implies, proteins which bind calmodulin.

Examples include:

Gap-43 protein (presynaptic)
Neurogranin (postsynaptic)
Caldesmon

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MeSH Calmodulin-Binding+Proteins

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Ceruloplasmin (or caeruloplasmin) is officially known as ferroxidase or iron(II):oxygen oxidoreductase.

Function

It is an enzyme () synthesized in the liver containing 8 atoms of copper in its structure.
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Iron-binding proteins are carrier proteins and metalloproteins which play many important roles in metabolism.

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MeSH Iron-binding+proteins

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Identifiers
Symbol TFR2

Entrez 7036
HUGO 11762
OMIM 604720

RefSeq NM_003227
UniProt Q9UP52
Other data

Locus Chr. 7 q22 Transferrin receptor is a carrier protein for transferrin.
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Retinol binding proteins are a family of proteins with diverse functions. They are carrier proteins which bind retinol.

Genes

Cellular: RBP1 , RBP2 , RBP5 , RBP7
Interstitial: RBP3
Plasma: RBP4

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Carrier Protein

Information about Carrier Protein

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Function

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