Information about Cannabis (etymology)
The plant name cannabis is from Greek κάνναβις (kánnabis), via Latin cannabis, originally a Scythian or Thracian word, also loaned into Persian as kanab. English hemp (Old English hænep) may be an early loan (predating Grimm's Law) from the same Scythian source.
The further origin of the Scythian term is uncertain. It may be of Semitic origin, Hebrew קַנַּבּוֹס (qannabbôs): Sara Benetowa of the Institute of Anthropological Sciences in Warsaw is quoted in the Book of Grass[] as saying:
Hebrew קַנַּבּוֹס (qannabbôs) < קְנֵה בֹּשֶׂם (qěnēh bośem) may derive from Sumerian kanubi.
Raphael Mechoulam and co-workers at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem suggest an alternative etymology for cannabis: Greek cannabis < Arabic kunnab < Syriac qunnappa < Hebrew pannag (= bhanga in Sanscrit and bang in Persian). They explain that in Hebrew, only the consonants form the basis of a word and the letters p and b are frequently interchangeable. The authors think it probable that pannag, mentioned in the Bible by the prophet Ezekiel (5, 22), is in fact Cannabis.[1]
The Biblical Hebrew term qěnēh bośem, literally "reed of balm", probably[2] refers to cannabis according to some etymologists,[0] but is more commonly thought to be lemon grass, calamus, or even sweet cane, due to widespread translation issues.[4] The Hebrew Bible mentions it in where God commands Moses to make a holy oil of myrrh, cinnamon, qěnēh bośem and cassia to anoint the Ark of the Covenant and the Tabernacle (and thus God's Temple in Jerusalem). Notably, this anointing oil is a special herbal formula that functions as a kind of polish and fragrance for the Ark and Tabernacle, and the Bible forbids its manufacture and use to anoint people () with the exception of the Aaronic priesthood ().
Elsewhere, the Hebrew Bible simply uses "reed" qānēh as the name of a plant in four places whose context seems to mean "reed of balm" as a fragrant resin, , , and . The Hebrew name "reed of balm" comes from qěnēh (the noun construct form of qāneh) means a "reed" or "cane" and bośem means "balm" or "aromatic" resin. Hebrew may have adapted the name qannabbôs from "reed of balm" qěnēh bośem as a substitute for the ambiguous name "reed".
This Biblical Hebrew term is often mistranslated as "calamus", also called "lemon grass" (Cymbopogon citratus) or "sweet flag" (Acorus calamus), following an ancient misunderstanding in the Greek Septuagint translation. The Hebrew Bible was written across centuries well up to the 5th Century BCE. However, centuries later, by the time the Septuagint was written around the 2nd Century BCE, the archaic Hebrew word qěnēh bośem appears to have already abbreviated into the later Hebrew form qannabbôs, which is attested in Post Biblical Hebrew literature. Thus, the Septuagint did not recognize the Hebrew expression "reed of balm" and mistook it to refer to some unidentified plant. As a dynamic equivalent, the Septuagint rendered it as "calamus" (Greek kalamos), which indeed is a "balmy" (scented) reed. The calamus plant was known in Greek mythology and processed into an aphrodisiac.
Unambiguous Hebrew or Aramaic references to cannabis are rare and obscure. Syriac has qanpa (a loan from kannabis) and tanuma (see the Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon.) but neither is found in the Peshitta, the Syriac Bible. Late Syriac Ahiqar texts include qanpa as "ropes of hemp" (tunbei de-qanpa). The Hebrew word qanbes, a loan word from kannabis, is used in the Mishnah as hemp [Kilaim 2:5; 5:8; 9:1,7; Negaim 11:2] in the sense of a constituent of clothing or other items.
Likely, the name 'cannabis' was known from the Semitic merchants who sold this commodity throughout the ancient trade routes of Southeast Asia.
..... Click the link for more information.
Thracian}}}
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: ine
ISO 639-3: txh
Indo-European topics
Indo-European languages
Albanian Anatolian Armenian
Baltic Celtic Dacian Germanic
Greek Indo-Iranian Italic Phrygian
..... Click the link for more information.
Cassia
Scientific classification
..... Click the link for more information.
The further origin of the Scythian term is uncertain. It may be of Semitic origin, Hebrew קַנַּבּוֹס (qannabbôs): Sara Benetowa of the Institute of Anthropological Sciences in Warsaw is quoted in the Book of Grass[] as saying:
| The astonishing resemblance between the Semitic 'kanbos' and the Scythian 'cannabis' lead me to suppose that the Scythian word was of Semitic origin. These etymological discussions run parallel to arguments drawn from history. The Iranian Scythians were probably related to the Medes, who were neighbors of the Semites and could easily have assimilated the word for hemp. The Semites could also have spread the word during their migrations through Asia Minor. |
Hebrew קַנַּבּוֹס (qannabbôs) < קְנֵה בֹּשֶׂם (qěnēh bośem) may derive from Sumerian kanubi.
Raphael Mechoulam and co-workers at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem suggest an alternative etymology for cannabis: Greek cannabis < Arabic kunnab < Syriac qunnappa < Hebrew pannag (= bhanga in Sanscrit and bang in Persian). They explain that in Hebrew, only the consonants form the basis of a word and the letters p and b are frequently interchangeable. The authors think it probable that pannag, mentioned in the Bible by the prophet Ezekiel (5, 22), is in fact Cannabis.[1]
The Biblical Hebrew term qěnēh bośem, literally "reed of balm", probably[2] refers to cannabis according to some etymologists,[0] but is more commonly thought to be lemon grass, calamus, or even sweet cane, due to widespread translation issues.[4] The Hebrew Bible mentions it in where God commands Moses to make a holy oil of myrrh, cinnamon, qěnēh bośem and cassia to anoint the Ark of the Covenant and the Tabernacle (and thus God's Temple in Jerusalem). Notably, this anointing oil is a special herbal formula that functions as a kind of polish and fragrance for the Ark and Tabernacle, and the Bible forbids its manufacture and use to anoint people () with the exception of the Aaronic priesthood ().
Elsewhere, the Hebrew Bible simply uses "reed" qānēh as the name of a plant in four places whose context seems to mean "reed of balm" as a fragrant resin, , , and . The Hebrew name "reed of balm" comes from qěnēh (the noun construct form of qāneh) means a "reed" or "cane" and bośem means "balm" or "aromatic" resin. Hebrew may have adapted the name qannabbôs from "reed of balm" qěnēh bośem as a substitute for the ambiguous name "reed".
This Biblical Hebrew term is often mistranslated as "calamus", also called "lemon grass" (Cymbopogon citratus) or "sweet flag" (Acorus calamus), following an ancient misunderstanding in the Greek Septuagint translation. The Hebrew Bible was written across centuries well up to the 5th Century BCE. However, centuries later, by the time the Septuagint was written around the 2nd Century BCE, the archaic Hebrew word qěnēh bośem appears to have already abbreviated into the later Hebrew form qannabbôs, which is attested in Post Biblical Hebrew literature. Thus, the Septuagint did not recognize the Hebrew expression "reed of balm" and mistook it to refer to some unidentified plant. As a dynamic equivalent, the Septuagint rendered it as "calamus" (Greek kalamos), which indeed is a "balmy" (scented) reed. The calamus plant was known in Greek mythology and processed into an aphrodisiac.
Unambiguous Hebrew or Aramaic references to cannabis are rare and obscure. Syriac has qanpa (a loan from kannabis) and tanuma (see the Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon.) but neither is found in the Peshitta, the Syriac Bible. Late Syriac Ahiqar texts include qanpa as "ropes of hemp" (tunbei de-qanpa). The Hebrew word qanbes, a loan word from kannabis, is used in the Mishnah as hemp [Kilaim 2:5; 5:8; 9:1,7; Negaim 11:2] in the sense of a constituent of clothing or other items.
Likely, the name 'cannabis' was known from the Semitic merchants who sold this commodity throughout the ancient trade routes of Southeast Asia.
References
1. ^ Mechoulam, R., W. A. Devane, A. Breuer, and J. Zahalka. 1991. A random walk through a Cannabis field. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 40(3): 461-464.
2. ^ Weston La Barre. 1980. Culture in Context; Selected Writings of Weston Labarre. Duke University Press.
3. ^ Benetowa, Sara = (Sula Benet). 1936. Tracing one word through different languages. Institute of Anthropological Sciences, Warsaw. Reprinted 1967 In: The Book of Grass. George Andrews and Simon Vinkenoog (eds.) Grove Press, New York, "pp. 15-18.
4. ^ Immanuel Löw. 1924-1934. Flora der Juden, vol. I-IV. Reprinted 1967. Hildeshein: Georg Olms (source not confirmed)
2. ^ Weston La Barre. 1980. Culture in Context; Selected Writings of Weston Labarre. Duke University Press.
3. ^ Benetowa, Sara = (Sula Benet). 1936. Tracing one word through different languages. Institute of Anthropological Sciences, Warsaw. Reprinted 1967 In: The Book of Grass. George Andrews and Simon Vinkenoog (eds.) Grove Press, New York, "pp. 15-18.
4. ^ Immanuel Löw. 1924-1934. Flora der Juden, vol. I-IV. Reprinted 1967. Hildeshein: Georg Olms (source not confirmed)
..... Click the link for more information.
Ancient Greek refers to the second stage in the history of the Greek language[1] as it existed during the Archaic (9th–6th centuries BC) and Classical (5th–4th centuries BC) periods in Greece.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Scythian languages form a North Eastern branch of the Iranian language family and comprise the distinctive languages[1] spoken by the Scythian (Sarmatian and Saka) tribes of nomadic pastoralists in Scythia (Central Asia, Pontic-Caspian steppe) between the 8th century BC
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Thracian}}}
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: ine
ISO 639-3: txh
Indo-European topics
Indo-European languages
Albanian Anatolian Armenian
Baltic Celtic Dacian Germanic
Greek Indo-Iranian Italic Phrygian
..... Click the link for more information.
Hemp (from Old English hænep, see cannabis (etymology)) is the common name for plants of the genus Cannabis, although the term is often used to refer only to Cannabis strains cultivated for industrial (non-drug) use.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Grimm's law (also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift) is a set of statements describing the inherited Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stops as they developed in Proto-Germanic (PGmc, the common ancestor of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family) in the 1st millennium BC.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Sumerian ( EME.GIR15
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Moses (Hebrew: מֹשֶׁה, Standard
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
C. myrrha
Binomial name
Commiphora myrrha
Arn., 1964
Synonyms
Commiphora momol
Myrrh is a red-brown resinous material, the dried sap of the tree Commiphora myrrha
..... Click the link for more information.
Binomial name
Commiphora myrrha
Arn., 1964
Synonyms
Commiphora momol
Myrrh is a red-brown resinous material, the dried sap of the tree Commiphora myrrha
..... Click the link for more information.
C. verum
Binomial name
Cinnamomum verum
J.Presl
..... Click the link for more information.
Binomial name
Cinnamomum verum
J.Presl
Cassia ("Chinese cinnamon") is also commonly called (and sometimes sold as) cinnamon.
..... Click the link for more information.
- Cassia is also a genus of plants in the Family Fabaceae. For further usage, see Cassia (disambiguation).
Cassia
from Koehler's Medicinal-Plants (1887)
Scientific classification
..... Click the link for more information.
The Ark of the Covenant (ארון הברית in Hebrew: aron habrit) is described in the Hebrew Bible as a sacred container, wherein rested the stone tablets containing the Ten Commandments as well as other sacred Israelite
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
A. calamus
Binomial name
Acorus calamus
L.
Calamus or Common Sweet Flag (Acorus calamus) is a plant from the Acoraceae family, Acorus genues.
..... Click the link for more information.
Binomial name
Acorus calamus
L.
Calamus or Common Sweet Flag (Acorus calamus) is a plant from the Acoraceae family, Acorus genues.
..... Click the link for more information.
Septuagint (IPA: /ˈsɛptuədʒɪnt/), or simply "LXX", is the name commonly given in the West to the Koine Greek version of the Old Testament, translated in stages between the 3rd and 1st centuries
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Raoul Weston La Barre (13 December 1911–March 1996) was an American anthropologist, best known for his work in ethnobotany, particularly with regard to Native-American religion, and for his application of psychiatric and psychoanalytic theories to ethnography.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Sula Benet (also known as Sara Benetowa; 1903—1982) was a Polish anthropologist of the 20th century who studied Polish and Judaic customs and traditions.
Born in Poland, Benet was fascinated with peasant culture of Poland since her early youth.
..... Click the link for more information.
Born in Poland, Benet was fascinated with peasant culture of Poland since her early youth.
..... Click the link for more information.
This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.
Herod_Archelaus
