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Information about Caddo

This is an article about the Caddo ethnic group; see also Caddo County, Oklahoma and Caddo, Oklahoma. There is also a harvestman genus called Caddo.


Caddo

A Caddo solar cross, a religious symbol of both the sun and fire.
Total population


circa 1500: 200,000
circa 1700: 8,000
circa 1990s: 3,371
Regions with significant populations
United States – Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas
Languages
3 separate dialects of Caddo and English
Religions
Related ethnic groups
Native American
 North American natives
  Southeast natives
   Caddo
    < Anadarko>
    < Adai>
    < Hai-ish>
    < Hasinai>
    < Kadohadacho>
    < Nacogdoches>
    < Natchitoches>
    < Yatasi>
"Sibling" groups:
Native American
 North American natives
  Great Plains natives
   Pawnee
  Southeast natives
   Wichita


The Caddo are a nation, or group of tribes, of Southeastern Native Americans who, in the 16th century, inhabited much of what is now East Texas, western Louisiana and portions of southern Arkansas and Oklahoma. The Caddo historically consisted of three confederacies of at least twenty five different tribes and spoke a variety of dialects of the Caddoan languages. Today the Caddo are a cohesive tribe with their capital at Binger, Oklahoma, and the Caddoan dialects have converged into a single language. The current Chairperson of the Caddo is LaRue Parker.

This article covers the Caddo as a tribe, or nation. For other Caddoan languages see: Caddoan languages

History

The oral traditions of the Caddo suggest that they developed their culture in Arkansas and spread out to the south and west from there. At one time both the Wichita and Pawnee were part of the same nation as the Caddo, a fact attested to in that the Wichita and Pawnee spoke Caddoan languages. Between 500 and 800 AD the Caddo emerged as distinct and separate nation.

The Caddo tribes were divided into three confederacies, which were linked by a common language; the Hasinai, Kadohadacho, and the Natchitoches. The Haisinai and Kadohadacho lived in what is now East Texas and the Natchitoches in what is now Northwestern Louisiana. The Haisinai lived in the land from the Nacogdoches, Texas, which was originally a Caddo settlement, area to the Neches River. The Haisinai were given the name Tejas by Spanish Explorers, based on the Caddo word táysha?, "friend", and this later became the source of "Tejas" and later "Texas" (Bolton 2002:63-64). The Kadohadacho settled the land from the Caddo Lake area to the Red River. The Nachitoches settled around Natchitoches, Louisiana, which was originally a Caddo settlement, and in the Cane River Valley.

Enlarge picture
Sho-e-tat, a Louisiana Caddo man. Image from 1916.
The Caddo first encountered Europeans in 1542 when the Hernando de Soto Expedition came through their lands. De Soto's force had a violent clash with one band of Caddo Indians, recorded by his expedition as the 'Tula', near Caddo Gap, Arkansas. This event is marked by a monument that stands in the small town today. With the arrival of missionaries from Spain and France a small pox epidemic broke out that decimated the population. The Caddo invited the European missionaries to return and upon their return a worse epidemic reduced the population to only 1,000.

In 1859, the state of Texas removed the remaining Caddo from its territory to a reservation in Oklahoma and in 1874 the Caddo officially united as a distinct tribe.

Culture

To be written along the lines of Wikipedia:WikiProject Ethnic Groups Template

Institutions

The Caddo Tribe of Oklahoma is a federally recognized tribe. It is currently considering changing its official name to the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma. A tribal constitution, adopted in 1938 and revised in 1976, provides for a tribal council consisting of eight members with a chairperson, based in Binger, Oklahoma. They maintain administrative centers, dance grounds, and several community centers. Several programs exist to invigorate Caddo traditions.

See also

External links

References

Bolton, Herbert Eugene, edited and introduced by Russell Magnaghi. The Hasinais: Southern Caddoans as seen by the Earliest Europeans. Norman: The University of Oklahoma Press, 2002. 194 p. ISBN 058517038X
Caddo County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, the population was 30,150. Its county seat is Anadarko6.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 3,342 km² (1,290 mi²).
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Caddo, Oklahoma

Seal
Motto:
Location of Caddo, Oklahoma
Coordinates:
Country United States
State Oklahoma
County Bryan
Area
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genus (plural: genera) is part of the Latinized name for an organism. It is a name which reflects the classification of the organism by grouping it with other closely similar organisms.
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The sun cross, a cross inside a circle, is one of the oldest and most universal religious symbols, and a popular neopagan solar symbol. It is also known as the suncross, solar cross, sun wheel, sunwheel, sun disc
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Motto
"In God We Trust"   (since 1956)
"E Pluribus Unum"   ("From Many, One"; Latin, traditional)
Anthem
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State of Arkansas

Flag of Arkansas Seal
Nickname(s): The Natural State (current),
The Land of Opportunity (former)
Motto(s): Regnat Populus (The People Rule)

Official language(s) English


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State of Oklahoma

Flag of Oklahoma Seal
Nickname(s): Sooner State
Motto(s): Labor omnia vincit (Latin: Labor conquers all things)

Official language(s) None

Capital Oklahoma City

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State of Texas

Flag of Texas Seal
Nickname(s): Lone Star State
Motto(s): Friendship.
Before Statehood Known as
The Republic of Texas

Official language(s) No official language

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Caddo is a Caddoan language of the Southern Plains, spoken by the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma. Few native speakers remain, but the tribe is working to teach the language to the youngest generation again.
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English}}} 
Writing system: Latin (English variant) 
Official status
Official language of: 53 countries
Regulated by: no official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1: en
ISO 639-2: eng
ISO 639-3: eng  
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American Indian and Alaska Native
One race: 2.5 million[1]
In combination with one or more other races: 1.6 million[2]
Regions with significant populations  United States

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Adai (also Adaizan, Adaizi, Adaise, Adahi, Adaes, Adees, Atayos) is the name of a people and language that was spoken in northwestern Louisiana and were a Southeastern culture of Native Americans.
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The Hasinai confederation (Hasí:nay in Caddo) was a large confederation of Caddo-speaking Native Americans located between the Sabine and Trinity rivers. They were known as the Tejas
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The Natchitoches or Natchitoch were an indigenous tribe in Louisiana. In the early 17th century they were joined by some of the remnants of the Cadodaquiou, a tribe that had been largely killed and enslaved by the Chickasaws.

Sources

  • Lauber, Almon Wheeler.

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American Indian and Alaska Native
One race: 2.5 million[1]
In combination with one or more other races: 1.6 million[2]
Regions with significant populations  United States

..... Click the link for more information.
Pawnee (also Paneassa, Pari, Pariki) are a Native American tribe that historically lived along the Platte, Loup and Republican Rivers in present-day Nebraska. They refer to themselves as "Chaticks-si-Chaticks", meaning "Men of men".
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Southeastern tribes or Southeastern cultures are an ethnographic classification for Native American peoples that inhabited the Southeastern United States that shared common cultural traits. Sometimes this classification is subsumed into the Eastern Woodlands classification.
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Wichita are a tribe of Native Americans, indigenous inhabitants of North America, who speak Wichita, a Caddoan language. The tribe was most populous in the Southwestern United States.
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Southeastern tribes or Southeastern cultures are an ethnographic classification for Native American peoples that inhabited the Southeastern United States that shared common cultural traits. Sometimes this classification is subsumed into the Eastern Woodlands classification.
..... Click the link for more information.
American Indian and Alaska Native
One race: 2.5 million[1]
In combination with one or more other races: 1.6 million[2]
Regions with significant populations  United States

..... Click the link for more information.
As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 through 1600.

See also: 16th century in literature

Events

1500s

  • 1500s: Mississippian culture disappears.

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East Texas is a distinct geographic and ecological area in the U.S. state of Texas.

According to the Handbook of Texas, the East Texas area "may be separated from the rest of Texas roughly by a line extending from the Red River in north central Lamar County
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State of Arkansas

Flag of Arkansas Seal
Nickname(s): The Natural State (current),
The Land of Opportunity (former)
Motto(s): Regnat Populus (The People Rule)

Official language(s) English


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State of Oklahoma

Flag of Oklahoma Seal
Nickname(s): Sooner State
Motto(s): Labor omnia vincit (Latin: Labor conquers all things)

Official language(s) None

Capital Oklahoma City

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A confederation is a group of empowered states or communities, usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution. Confederations tend to be established for dealing with critical issues, such as defense, foreign affairs, foreign trade, and a common currency,
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The Caddoan languages are a family of Native American languages. They are spoken across the Great Plains of the central United States, from North Dakota to Oklahoma.

Family division

Five languages belong to the Caddoan language family:

I.
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Binger, Oklahoma

Seal
Motto:
Location of Binger, Oklahoma
Coordinates:
Country United States
State Oklahoma
County Caddo
Area
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The Caddoan languages are a family of Native American languages. They are spoken across the Great Plains of the central United States, from North Dakota to Oklahoma.

Family division

Five languages belong to the Caddoan language family:

I.
..... Click the link for more information.


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