Information about Byzantine Coinage
)
) |
| Numismatics |
| Terminology |
| Currency
Community currencies |
|
| Production
|
| Exonumia
|
Byzantine currency, money used in the Eastern Roman Empire after the fall of the West, consisted of mainly two types of coins: the gold solidus and a variety of clearly valued bronze coins.
Iconography
)
Solidus of Justinian II, second reign, after 705
The type of Justinian II was revived after the end of Iconoclasm, and with variations remained the norm until the end of the Empire.
In the 10th century so-called "anonymous folles" were struck instead of the earlier coins depicting the emperor. The anonymous folles featured the bust of Jesus on the obverse and the inscription "XRISTUS/bASILEU/bASILE", which translates to "Christ, King of Kings"
Byzantine coins followed, and took to the furthest extreme, the tendency of precious metal coinage to get thinner and wider as time goes on. Late Byzantine gold coins become thin wafers that could be bent by hand.
The Byzantine coinage had a prestiege that lasted until near the end of the Empire. Initially Islamic coinage used derivative designs, before breaking away on their own path. European rulers, once they once again started issuing their own coins, tended to follow a simplified version of Byzantine patterns, with full face ruler portraits on the obverse.
Denominations
The start of what is viewed as Byzantine currency by numismatics began with the monetary reform of Anastasius in 498, who reformed the late Roman Empire coinage system which consisted of the gold solidus and the bronze nummi. The nummus was an extremely small bronze coin (about 8-10 mm), which was inconvenient because a large number of them were required even for small transactions.)
Justinian I follis, 20 nummi. Note the K on the reverse.
)
Romanus III miliaresion.
The golden solidus remained a standard of international commerce until the eleventh century, when it began to be debased under successive emperors beginning in the 1030s under the emperor Romanos Argyros (1028–1034). Until that time, the fineness of the gold remained consistent at about .955-.980.
In the early ninth century, a three-fourths-weight solidus was issued in parallel with a full-weight solidus, both preserving the standard of fineness, under a failed plan to force the market to accept the underweight coins at the value of the full weight coins. The three-fourths weight coin was called a Tetarteron (a Greek comparative adjective, literally "fourth-er"), and the full weight solidus was called the Histamenon. The tetarteron was unpopular and was only sporadically reissued during the tenth century. The full weight solidus was struct at 72 to the Roman pound, roughly 4.48 grams in weight. There were also solidi of weight reduced by one siliqua issued for trade with the Near East. These reduced solidi, with a star both on obverse and reverse, weighed about 4,25 g. Abd al-Malik reformed the Islamic Dinar in 693, and issued gold coins of 4,25 g weight.
)
Histamenon by Constantine VIII.
)
Manuel I Comnenus scyphate (cup-shaped) hyperpyron.
The Byzantine monetary system changed during the 7th century when the 40 nummi (also known as the follis), now significantly smaller, became the only bronze coin to be regularly issued. Although Justinian II (685–695 and 705–711) attempted a restoration of the follis size of Justinian I, the follis continued to slowly decrease in size.
)
Later scyphate (cup-shaped) coins known as trachy were issued in both electrum (debased gold) and billon (debased silver). The exact reason for such coins is not known, although it is usually theorized that they were shaped for easier stacking.
){kind=small} |
| Byzantine Culture |
|---|
| Art |
| Aristocracy & Bureaucracy |
| Army |
| Architecture |
| Coinage |
| Cuisine |
| Dance |
| Diplomacy |
| Dress |
| Economy |
| Gardens |
| Law |
| Literature |
| Music |
| Medicine |
| Navy |
| Science |
See also
)
Billon trachy of Andronicus I, 12th century
External links
Numismatics (Lat. numisma, nomisma, a coin; from the Greek, derived from voµi eiv, to use according to law), is the scientific study of currency and its history in all its varied forms.
..... Click the link for more information.
Numismatics (ancient Greek: νομισματική) is the scientific study of money and its history in all its varied forms.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of goods and/or services. It is one form of money, where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value. A currency is the dominant medium of exchange.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
COIN can refer to:
..... Click the link for more information.
- Collaborative Innovation Networks
- Counterinsurgency
- Coin
- This article is about monetary coins.
..... Click the link for more information.
banknote (often known as a bill or simply note) is a kind of negotiable instrument, a promissory note made by a bank payable to the bearer on demand, used as money, and under many jurisdictions is used as legal tender.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
<onlyinclude> This list of circulating currencies contains the 194 current official or de facto currencies of the 192 United Nations member states, one UN observer state, three partially recognized sovereign states, six unrecognized countries, and 32 dependencies.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
In economics, a local currency, in its common usage, is a currency not backed by a national government (and not necessarily legal tender), and intended to trade only in a small area. These currencies are also referred to as community currency.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
time-based currency is an alternative currency where the unit of exchange is the hour.
Time-based currencies value everyone’s contributions equally. One hour equals one service credit.
..... Click the link for more information.
Time-based currencies value everyone’s contributions equally. One hour equals one service credit.
..... Click the link for more information.
Fictional currency is currency in works of fiction. It is often invented, bearing little or no resemblance to any modern or historic currency. This is a necessary plot device, in order to increment the completeness of the environment, and at the same time dissociate it from any
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
"Mints" redirects here. For other uses, see Mint (disambiguation).
A mint is a place or facility which manufactures coins for currency.
On the whole, the history of mints correlates very closely with the history of coins.
..... Click the link for more information.
A mint is a place or facility which manufactures coins for currency.
On the whole, the history of mints correlates very closely with the history of coins.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Exonumia is the study of coin-like objects such as token coins and medals, and other items used in place of legal currency or for commemoration. This includes elongated coins, encased coins, souvenir medallions, tags, badges, counterstamped coins, wooden nickels
..... Click the link for more information.
A credit card is a system of payment named after the small plastic card issued to users of the system. A credit card is different from a debit card in that it does not remove money from the user's account after every transaction.
..... Click the link for more information.
A medal is a small metal object, usually engraved with insignia, that is awarded to a person for athletic, military, scientific, academic or some other kind of achievement. There also exist devotional medals, worn to indicate religious faith.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
token coins or tokens are coin-like objects used instead of coins. The field of tokens is part of exonumia. Tokens are used in place of coins and either have a denomination shown or implied by size, color or shape.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
History
It is believed that people have been collecting paper money for as long as it has been in use...... Click the link for more information.
banknote (often known as a bill or simply note) is a kind of negotiable instrument, a promissory note made by a bank payable to the bearer on demand, used as money, and under many jurisdictions is used as legal tender.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
In financial markets, the stock capital of a corporation or a joint-stock company is the capital raised through the issuance, sale and distribution of shares. A person or organization that holds at least a partial share of stock is called a shareholder.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
bond is a debt security, in which the authorized issuer owes the holders a debt and is obliged to repay the principal and interest (the coupon) at a later date, termed maturity.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Byzantine Empire or Byzantium is the term conventionally used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire of the Middle Ages, centered on its capital of Constantinople.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
COIN can refer to:
..... Click the link for more information.
- Collaborative Innovation Networks
- Counterinsurgency
- Coin
- This article is about monetary coins.
..... Click the link for more information.
GOLD refers to one of the following:
..... Click the link for more information.
- GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade).
- GOLD (parser) is an open source BNF parser.
..... Click the link for more information.
solidus (the Latin word for solid) was originally a gold coin issued by the Romans. It was introduced by Constantine I in 309–10, and was used through the Byzantine Empire until the 10th century. The coin replaced the aureus as the main gold coin of the Roman Empire.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Bronze is any of a broad range of copper alloys, usually with tin as the main additive, but sometimes with other elements such as phosphorus, manganese, aluminium, or silicon. (See table below.) It was particularly significant in antiquity, giving its name to the Bronze Age.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
- See Obversion for the use of "obverse" in logic.
The term obverse, and its opposite, reverse, describe the two sides of units of currency and many other kinds of two-sided objects, most often in reference to coins, but also to flags, medals,
..... Click the link for more information.
This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.
Herod_Archelaus
