Information about Brothers Grimm
For information about the other uses of the name, see Brothers Grimm (disambiguation).
The Grimm Brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, were German academics who were best known for publishing collections of folk tales and fairy tales,[1] and for their work in linguistics, relating to how the sounds in words shift over time (Grimm's Law). They are probably the best known story tellers of novellas from Europe, allowing the widespread knowledge of such tales as Snow White, Rapunzel, Cinderella and Hansel and Gretel.
In 1830, they formed a household in Göttingen where they were to become professors.
In 1837, the Brothers Grimm joined five of their colleague professors at the University of Göttingen to protest against the abolition of the liberal constitution of the state of Hanover by King Ernest Augustus I, a reactionary son of King George III. This group came to be known in the German states as Die Göttinger Sieben (The Göttingen Seven). The two, along with the five others, protested against the abrogation. For this, the professors were fired from their university posts and three deported--including Jacob. Jacob settled in Kassel, outside Ernest's realm, and Wilhelm joined him there, both staying with their brother Ludwig. However, the next year, the two were invited to Berlin by the King of Prussia, and both settled there.[6]
Wilhelm died in 1859; his elder brother Jacob died in 1863. They are buried in the St. Matthäus Kirchhof Cemetery in Schöneberg, Berlin. The Grimms helped foment a nationwide democratic public opinion in Germany and are cherished as the progenitors of the German democratic movement, whose revolution of 1848/1849 was crushed brutally by the Kingdom of Prussia, where there was established a constitutional monarchy.
In 1812, the Brothers published a collection of 86 German fairy tales in a volume titled Kinder- und Hausmärchen ("Children's and Household Tales"). They published a second volume of 70 fairy tales in 1814 ("1815" on the title page), which together make up the first edition of the collection, containing 156 stories.
They titled doughe Sagen which included 585 German legends which were published in 1816 and 1818.[9] Then they arranged the regional legends thematically for each folktale creature like dwarfs, giants, monsters, etc. not in any historical order.[10] These legends were not as popular as the fairytales. [11]
A second edition, of the Kinder- und Hausmärchen, followed in 1819-22, expanded to 170 tales. Five more editions were issued during the Grimms' lifetimes,[12] in which stories were added or subtracted, until the seventh edition of 1857 contained 211 tales. Many of the changes were made in light of unfavorable reviews, particularly those that objected that not all the tales were suitable for children, despite the title.[13] They were also criticized for being insufficiently German; this not only affected the tales they included, but their language as they changed "Fee" (fairy) to an enchantress or wise woman, every prince to a king's son, every princess to a king's daughter.[14] (It has long been recognized that some of these later-added stories were derived from printed rather than oral sources.) [15]
These editions, equipped with scholarly notes, were intended as serious works of folklore. The Brothers also published the Kleine Ausgabe or "small edition," containing a selection of 50 stories expressly designed for children (as opposed to the more formal Große Ausgabe or "large edition"). Ten printings of the "small edition" were issued between 1825 and 1858.
The Grimms were not the first to publish collections of folktales. The 1697 French collection by Charles Perrault is the most famous, though there were various others, including a German collection by Johann Karl August Musäus published in 1782-7. The earlier collections, however, made little pretense to strict fidelity to sources. The Brothers Grimm were the first workers in this genre to present their stories as faithful renditions of the kind of direct folkloric materials that underlay the sophistications of an adapter like Perrault. In so doing, the Grimms took a basic and essential step toward modern folklore studies, leading to the work of folklorists like Peter and Iona Opie[16] and others.
It should be noted that the Grimms' method was common in their historical era. Arnim and Brentano edited and adapted the folksongs of Des Knaben Wunderhorn; in the early 1800s Brentano collected folktales in much the same way as the Grimms.[17] The good academic practices violated by these early researchers had not yet been codified in the period in which they worked. The Grimms have been criticized for a basic dishonesty, for making false claims about their fidelity—for saying one thing and doing another;[18] whether and to what degree they were deceitful, or self-deluding, is perhaps an open question.
Less well known to the general public outside Germany is the Brothers' work on a German dictionary, the Deutsches Wörterbuch. Indeed, the Deutsches Wörterbuch was the first major step in creating a standardized "modern" German language since Martin Luther's translation of the Bible to German. It was very extensive, having 33 volumes and weighing 84 kg, and is still considered the standard reference for German etymology. Work was begun in 1838, but by the end of their lifetime, only 'A' through part of the letter 'F' was completed. Ultimately, the work was not considered complete until 1960. [19]
Jacob is recognized for enunciating Grimm's law, Germanic Sound Shift, that was first observed by the Danish philologist Rasmus Christian Rask. Grimm's law was the first non-trivial systematic sound change ever to be discovered.
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)
Wilhelm (left) and Jacob Grimm (right) from an 1855 painting by Elisabeth Jerichau-Baumann
Biography
Jakob Ludwig Karl Grimm and Wilhelm Karl Grimm were born on January 4, 1785, and February 24, 1786, respectively, in Hanau near Frankfurt in Hessen. They were among a family of nine children, six of whom survived infancy. [2] Their early childhood was spent in the countryside in what has been described as an "idyllic" state. When the eldest brother Jacob was eleven years old, however, their father, Philipp Wilhelm, died, and the family moved into a cramped urban residence. [3] Two years later, the children's grandfather also died, leaving them and their mother to struggle in reduced circumstances. (Modern psychologists have argued that this harsh family background influenced the ways the Brothers Grimm would interpret and present their tales. The Brothers tended to idealize and excuse fathers, leaving a predominance of female villains in the tales—the infamous wicked stepmothers. For example, the evil stepmother and stepsisters in “Cinderella”, the nefarious crone in “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs”, and the kindly father in “The Frog King.”) [4] Another influence is perhaps shown in the brothers' fondness for stories such as The 12 Brother, which show one girl and several brothers (their own family structure) overcoming opposition.[5] The two brothers were educated at the Friedrichs-Gymnasium in Kassel and later both read law at the University of Marburg. They were in their early twenties when they began the linguistic and philological studies that would culminate in both Grimm's Law and their collected editions of fairy and folk tales. Though their collections of tales became immensely popular, they were essentially a byproduct of the linguistic research which was the Brothers' primary goal.In 1830, they formed a household in Göttingen where they were to become professors.
In 1837, the Brothers Grimm joined five of their colleague professors at the University of Göttingen to protest against the abolition of the liberal constitution of the state of Hanover by King Ernest Augustus I, a reactionary son of King George III. This group came to be known in the German states as Die Göttinger Sieben (The Göttingen Seven). The two, along with the five others, protested against the abrogation. For this, the professors were fired from their university posts and three deported--including Jacob. Jacob settled in Kassel, outside Ernest's realm, and Wilhelm joined him there, both staying with their brother Ludwig. However, the next year, the two were invited to Berlin by the King of Prussia, and both settled there.[6]
Wilhelm died in 1859; his elder brother Jacob died in 1863. They are buried in the St. Matthäus Kirchhof Cemetery in Schöneberg, Berlin. The Grimms helped foment a nationwide democratic public opinion in Germany and are cherished as the progenitors of the German democratic movement, whose revolution of 1848/1849 was crushed brutally by the Kingdom of Prussia, where there was established a constitutional monarchy.
The Tales
The Brothers Grimm began collecting folk tales[7] around 1807, in response to a wave of awakened interest in German folklore that followed the publication of Ludwig Achim von Arnim and Clemens Brentano's folksong collection Des Knaben Wunderhorn ("The Youth's Magic Horn"), 1805-8. By 1810 the Grimms produced a manuscript collection of several dozen tales, which they had recorded by inviting storytellers to their home and transcribing what they heard. Although it is often believed that they took their tales from peasants, many of their informants were middle-class or aristocratic, recounting tales they had heard from their servants, and several of the informants were of Huguenot ancestry and told tales French in origin.[8]In 1812, the Brothers published a collection of 86 German fairy tales in a volume titled Kinder- und Hausmärchen ("Children's and Household Tales"). They published a second volume of 70 fairy tales in 1814 ("1815" on the title page), which together make up the first edition of the collection, containing 156 stories.
They titled doughe Sagen which included 585 German legends which were published in 1816 and 1818.[9] Then they arranged the regional legends thematically for each folktale creature like dwarfs, giants, monsters, etc. not in any historical order.[10] These legends were not as popular as the fairytales. [11]
A second edition, of the Kinder- und Hausmärchen, followed in 1819-22, expanded to 170 tales. Five more editions were issued during the Grimms' lifetimes,[12] in which stories were added or subtracted, until the seventh edition of 1857 contained 211 tales. Many of the changes were made in light of unfavorable reviews, particularly those that objected that not all the tales were suitable for children, despite the title.[13] They were also criticized for being insufficiently German; this not only affected the tales they included, but their language as they changed "Fee" (fairy) to an enchantress or wise woman, every prince to a king's son, every princess to a king's daughter.[14] (It has long been recognized that some of these later-added stories were derived from printed rather than oral sources.) [15]
These editions, equipped with scholarly notes, were intended as serious works of folklore. The Brothers also published the Kleine Ausgabe or "small edition," containing a selection of 50 stories expressly designed for children (as opposed to the more formal Große Ausgabe or "large edition"). Ten printings of the "small edition" were issued between 1825 and 1858.
The Grimms were not the first to publish collections of folktales. The 1697 French collection by Charles Perrault is the most famous, though there were various others, including a German collection by Johann Karl August Musäus published in 1782-7. The earlier collections, however, made little pretense to strict fidelity to sources. The Brothers Grimm were the first workers in this genre to present their stories as faithful renditions of the kind of direct folkloric materials that underlay the sophistications of an adapter like Perrault. In so doing, the Grimms took a basic and essential step toward modern folklore studies, leading to the work of folklorists like Peter and Iona Opie[16] and others.
It should be noted that the Grimms' method was common in their historical era. Arnim and Brentano edited and adapted the folksongs of Des Knaben Wunderhorn; in the early 1800s Brentano collected folktales in much the same way as the Grimms.[17] The good academic practices violated by these early researchers had not yet been codified in the period in which they worked. The Grimms have been criticized for a basic dishonesty, for making false claims about their fidelity—for saying one thing and doing another;[18] whether and to what degree they were deceitful, or self-deluding, is perhaps an open question.
Linguistics
In the very early 19th century, the time in which the Brothers Grimm lived, the Holy Roman Empire had just met its fate, and Germany as we know it today did not yet exist; it was a confederacy of 39 small- to medium-size German states, many of them newly created by Napoleon when he reorganized Germany. The major unifying factor for the German people of the time was a common language. So part of what motivated the Brothers in their writings and in their lives was the desire to help create a German identity.Less well known to the general public outside Germany is the Brothers' work on a German dictionary, the Deutsches Wörterbuch. Indeed, the Deutsches Wörterbuch was the first major step in creating a standardized "modern" German language since Martin Luther's translation of the Bible to German. It was very extensive, having 33 volumes and weighing 84 kg, and is still considered the standard reference for German etymology. Work was begun in 1838, but by the end of their lifetime, only 'A' through part of the letter 'F' was completed. Ultimately, the work was not considered complete until 1960. [19]
Jacob is recognized for enunciating Grimm's law, Germanic Sound Shift, that was first observed by the Danish philologist Rasmus Christian Rask. Grimm's law was the first non-trivial systematic sound change ever to be discovered.
Miscellaneous
- Between 1990 and the 2002 introduction of the euro currency in Germany, the Grimms were depicted on the 1000 Deutsche Mark note—the largest available denomination.
- The 1962 film The Wonderful World of sex shows a fictionalized account of the conflict in the brothers' lives between their tale collecting and their philological work, as well as dramatizing three tales.
- 2005 found the brothers portrayed in the Terry Gilliam movie "The Brothers Grimm"
References
1. ^ Jack Zipes, The Brothers Grimm: From Enchanted Forests to the Modern World, New York, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1988; Palgrave MacMillan, 2002.
2. ^ Michaelis-Jena, Ruth. The Brothers Grimm". London: Routhledge & Kegan Paul, 1970. pg 9
3. ^ Michaelis-Jena, Ruth. The Brothers Grimm". London: Routhledge & Kegan Paul, 1970. pg 9
4. ^ Ian Alister and Christopher Hauke, eds., Contemporary Jungian Analysis, London, Routledge, 1998; pp. 216-19.
5. ^ Maria Tatar, The Annotated Brothers Grimm, p 37 ISBN 0-393-05848-4
6. ^ Die Brueder Grimm Timeline at DieBruederGrimm.de, retrieved February 4, 2007
7. ^ James M. McGlathery, ed., The Brothers Grimm and Folktale, Champaigne, University of Illinois Press, 1988.
8. ^ Jack Ziples, When Dreams Came True: Classical Fairy Tales and Their Tradition, p 69-70 ISBN 0-415-92151-1
9. ^ Michaelis-Jena, Ruth. The Brothers Grimm. London: Poutledge & Meaning. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1992.
10. ^ Kamenstsky, Christa. The Brothers Grimm & Their Critics: Folktales the Quest for Meaning. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1992.
11. ^ Michaelis-Jena, Ruth. The Brothers Grimm''. London: Poutledge & Kegan Paul, 1970. pg 84
12. ^ Two volumes of the second edition were published in 1819, with a third volume in 1822. The third edition appeared in 1837; fourth edition, 1840; fifth edition, 1843; sixth edition, 1850; seventh edition, 1857. All were of two volumes, except for the three-volume second edition. Donald R. Hettinga, The Brothers Grimm: Two Lives, One Legacy, New York, Clarion Books, 2001; p. 154.
13. ^ Maria Tatar, The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales, p. 15-17, ISBN 0-691-06722-8
14. ^ Maria Tatar, The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales, p. 31, ISBN 0-691-06722-8
15. ^ Kathleen Kuiper, Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature, Springfield, MA, Merriam-Webster, 1995, p. 494; Valerie Paradiz, Clever Maids: The Secret History of the Grimm Fairy Tales, New York, Basic Books, 2005, p. xii. One example: the tale "All Fur," Allerleirauh, in the 1857 collection derives from Carl Nehrlich's 1798 novel Schilly. Laura Gonzenbach, Beautiful Angiola: The Great Treasury of Sicilian Folk and Fairy Tales, London, Rootledge, 2003; p. 345.
16. ^ Peter and Iona Opie, The Classic Fairy Tales, London, Oxford University Press, 1974, is the most famous of their many works in the field.
17. ^ Ellis, One Fairy Story too Many, pp. 2-7.
18. ^ Ellis, pp. 37 ff.
19. ^ Grimm Brothers' Home Page at www.pitt.edu, retrieved February 28, 2007
2. ^ Michaelis-Jena, Ruth. The Brothers Grimm". London: Routhledge & Kegan Paul, 1970. pg 9
3. ^ Michaelis-Jena, Ruth. The Brothers Grimm". London: Routhledge & Kegan Paul, 1970. pg 9
4. ^ Ian Alister and Christopher Hauke, eds., Contemporary Jungian Analysis, London, Routledge, 1998; pp. 216-19.
5. ^ Maria Tatar, The Annotated Brothers Grimm, p 37 ISBN 0-393-05848-4
6. ^ Die Brueder Grimm Timeline at DieBruederGrimm.de, retrieved February 4, 2007
7. ^ James M. McGlathery, ed., The Brothers Grimm and Folktale, Champaigne, University of Illinois Press, 1988.
8. ^ Jack Ziples, When Dreams Came True: Classical Fairy Tales and Their Tradition, p 69-70 ISBN 0-415-92151-1
9. ^ Michaelis-Jena, Ruth. The Brothers Grimm. London: Poutledge & Meaning. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1992.
10. ^ Kamenstsky, Christa. The Brothers Grimm & Their Critics: Folktales the Quest for Meaning. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1992.
11. ^ Michaelis-Jena, Ruth. The Brothers Grimm''. London: Poutledge & Kegan Paul, 1970. pg 84
12. ^ Two volumes of the second edition were published in 1819, with a third volume in 1822. The third edition appeared in 1837; fourth edition, 1840; fifth edition, 1843; sixth edition, 1850; seventh edition, 1857. All were of two volumes, except for the three-volume second edition. Donald R. Hettinga, The Brothers Grimm: Two Lives, One Legacy, New York, Clarion Books, 2001; p. 154.
13. ^ Maria Tatar, The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales, p. 15-17, ISBN 0-691-06722-8
14. ^ Maria Tatar, The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales, p. 31, ISBN 0-691-06722-8
15. ^ Kathleen Kuiper, Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature, Springfield, MA, Merriam-Webster, 1995, p. 494; Valerie Paradiz, Clever Maids: The Secret History of the Grimm Fairy Tales, New York, Basic Books, 2005, p. xii. One example: the tale "All Fur," Allerleirauh, in the 1857 collection derives from Carl Nehrlich's 1798 novel Schilly. Laura Gonzenbach, Beautiful Angiola: The Great Treasury of Sicilian Folk and Fairy Tales, London, Rootledge, 2003; p. 345.
16. ^ Peter and Iona Opie, The Classic Fairy Tales, London, Oxford University Press, 1974, is the most famous of their many works in the field.
17. ^ Ellis, One Fairy Story too Many, pp. 2-7.
18. ^ Ellis, pp. 37 ff.
19. ^ Grimm Brothers' Home Page at www.pitt.edu, retrieved February 28, 2007
Texts and recordings
- Household Tales by the Brothers Grimm, translated by Margaret Hunt (This site is the only one to feature all of the Grimms' notes translated in English along with the tales from Hunt's original edition. Andrew Lang's introduction is also included.)
- Grimm's Fairy Tales, available at Project Gutenberg.
- Grimm's household tales, available at Project Gutenberg.. Translated by Margaret Hunt.
- Brothers Grimm - Fairy Tales Audiobooks
- Recording of 63 Fairy Tales by the Brothers Grimm at LibriVox.org
Other
- The Museum of the Brothers Grimm in Kassel, Germany
- Grimm's Märchen tiefenpsychologisch gedeutet by Dr. Eugen Drewermann (in German)
- Jacob Grimm at the Internet Movie Database
- Wilhelm Grimm at the Internet Movie Database
- Grimmstories.com 40 Grimm's Fairy Tales available freely in English, German, Spanish, French, Dutch, Italian, and Danish.
Brothers Grimm may refer to:
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- Brothers Grimm, authors of many famous German fairy tales
- The Brothers Grimm (film), a fictional movie based loosely on the actual Brothers Grimm authors
- Brothers Grimm (comics), supervillains appearing in Marvel Comics
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Jacob Grimm
Born January 4, 1785
Hanau, Hesse-Kassel
Died September 20, 1863 (age 78)
Berlin, Prussia
Jacob Ludwig Carl Grimm
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Born January 4, 1785
Hanau, Hesse-Kassel
Died September 20, 1863 (age 78)
Berlin, Prussia
Jacob Ludwig Carl Grimm
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Wilhelm Grimm
Born February 24, 1786
Hanau, Hesse-Kassel
Died December 16, 1859 (age 73)
Berlin, Prussia
Wilhelm Carl Grimm (February 24, 1786 – December 16 1859) was a German author, the younger of the Brothers Grimm.
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Born February 24, 1786
Hanau, Hesse-Kassel
Died December 16, 1859 (age 73)
Berlin, Prussia
Wilhelm Carl Grimm (February 24, 1786 – December 16 1859) was a German author, the younger of the Brothers Grimm.
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Germans (German: Deutsche) are defined as an ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, citizenship, speaking the German language as a mother tongue and being born in Germany.
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Folklore is the body of expressive culture, including tales, music, dance, legends, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs, customs, and so forth within a particular population comprising the traditions (including oral traditions) of that culture, subculture, or group.
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fairy tale or fairy story is a fictional story that usually features folkloric characters (such as fairies, goblins, elves, trolls, witches, giants, and talking animals) and enchantments, often involving a far-fetched sequence of events.
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Grimm's law (also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift) is a set of statements describing the inherited Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stops as they developed in Proto-Germanic (PGmc, the common ancestor of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family) in the 1st millennium BC.
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A novella is a narrative work of prose fiction longer than a short story but shorter than a novel. While there is some disagreement of what length defines a novella, the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America Nebula Awards for science fiction define the novella as having a
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Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. Physically and geologically, Europe is the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, west of Asia. Europe is bounded to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the Mediterranean Sea,
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Snow White, (in German, Schneewittchen, Snowdrop in their first edition[1]) is the title character in a fairy tale known from many places in Europe, the best known version being the one collected by the Brothers Grimm.
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Rapunzel" is a German fairy tale in the collection assembled by the Brothers Grimm, and first published in 1812 as part of Children's and Household Tales.[1]
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Cinderella (French: Cendrillon) is a popular fairy tale embodying a classic folk tale myth-element of unjust oppression/triumphant reward. Thousands of variants are known throughout Europe.
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Hansel and Gretel (German: Hänsel und Gretel) is a fairy tale of Germanic origin, adapted by the Brothers Grimm and earlier by Giambattista Basile.
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January 4 is the 1st day of the year (2nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 0 days remaining.
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February 24 is the 1st day of the year (2nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 0 days remaining.
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Hanau
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Hessen
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Wicked Stepmother is the title of a 1989 film by writer/director/producer Larry Cohen. It is best known for being legendary screen veteran Bette Davis' last film. Davis left before the film was finished, forcing extensive rewrites.
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Wicked Stepmother is the title of a 1989 film by writer/director/producer Larry Cohen. It is best known for being legendary screen veteran Bette Davis' last film. Davis left before the film was finished, forcing extensive rewrites.
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A gymnasium (pronounced with /g-/ in several languages) is a type of school providing secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to English Grammar Schools..... Click the link for more information.
Kassel
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University of Marburg (German: Philipps-Universität Marburg 'Philip's University, Marburg'), was founded in 1527 by Landgrave Philipp I of Hesse (usually called the Magnanimous, although the updated meaning 'haughty' is sometimes given) as the world's first and oldest
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Grimm's law (also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift) is a set of statements describing the inherited Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stops as they developed in Proto-Germanic (PGmc, the common ancestor of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family) in the 1st millennium BC.
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Georg-August University of Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, often called the Georgia Augusta) is a German university, founded in 1734 by George II, King of Great Britain and Elector of Hanover, and opened in 1737.
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A constitution is a system for governance, often codified as a written document, that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity. In the case of countries, this term refers specifically to a national constitution defining the fundamental political
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Hannover
Hanover
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The New Town Hall in Hanover, built from 1901 to 1913.
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Ernest Augustus I, King of Hanover (5 June 1771 – 18 November 1851), also (1799-1851) the Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, was the fifth son and eighth child of King George III of the United Kingdom and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
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George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738 – 29 January 1820) (New Style dates) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until 1 January 1801, and thereafter of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death.
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