Information about Archaeoceti
| Archaeoceti Fossil range: Eocene to Miocene (non-Autocetan) | ||||||||||
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) Pakicetus, one of the very first archeocetids Pakicetus, one of the very first archeocetids | ||||||||||
| Scientific classification | ||||||||||
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| Families and Clades | ||||||||||
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Archaeocetes, or "ancient whales", are a paraphyletic group of cetaceans that gave rise to Autoceta or Neoceti - the new cetaceans. The Archaeoceti were once thought to have evolved from the mesonychids based on dental characteristics. However, recent studies in molecular genetics and non-dental morphology show that the first whales or the archaeoceti most likely evolved from artiodactyls (perhaps of the family Hippopotamidae which includes the modern Hippopotamus). The ancestors of archaeoceti probably diverged from artiodactyls in the Latest Cretaceous or Early Paleocene. Most archeocetids had hind limbs unlike the cetaceans of today. The very first archaeocete was probably fully terrestrial. As the Eocene progressed the archaeocetes were becoming less terrestrial and more aquatic. By the Late or latest Eocene the archaeocetes, the basilosaurids gave rise to early modern cetaceans. The Archaeoceti managed to survive the Eocene-Oligocene extinction event, but they suffered a heavy loss of genera. The last archaeocetes became extinct in the Oligocene, which was probably a basilosaurid. Another explanation is climate change; as Miocene progressed, the ocean became cooler and cooler. They may have became extinct in the combination of the two factors.
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The remingtonocetids
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The more aquatic Basilosaurus.
Taxonomy and Phylogeny
- Superorder Cetartiodactyla
- Order Cetacea
- Suborder Archaeoceti
- Family Pakicetidae
- Genus Pakicetus
- Genus Ichthyolestes
- Genus Himalayacetus
- Family Ambulocetidae
- Genus Ambulocetus
- Genus Gandakasia
- Family Remingtonocetidae
- Genus Kutchicetus
- Family Protocetidae
- Genus Rodhocetus
- Subfamily Indocetinae
- Genus Protocetus
- Genus Georgiacetus
- Family Basilosauridae
- Subfamily Basilosaurinae
- Genus Basilosaurus
- Subfamily Dorudontinae
- Genus ''Dorudon
- Suborder Mysticeti
- Suborder Odontoceti
- (unranked) Squalodontoidea
- Genus Squalodon
Phylogeny
CetartiodactylaCetacea | |--Pakicetidae | `--+--Ambulocetidae | `--+--Remingtonocetidae | `--Protocetidae | |--Georgiacetus | `--Basilosauridae | |--Basilosaurus | `--+--Dorudon | `--Autoceta | |--Odontoceti | | |--Squalodontoidea | | | |--Squalodontidae | | | `--Rhabdosteidae | | `--Physeteroidea | `--Mysticeti `--ArtiodactylaSee also
External links
The Eocene epoch (55.8 ± 0.2 - 33.9 ± 0.1 Ma) is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Palaeogene period in the Cenozoic era. The Eocene spans the time from the end of the Paleocene epoch to the beginning of the Oligocene epoch.
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The Miocene Epoch is a period of time that extends from about 23.03 to 5.332 million years before the present. As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the start and end are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the period are uncertain.
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Pakicetus
Species: P. inachus
Binomial name
Pakicetus inachus
Gingerich & Russell, 1981
Pakicetus
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Species: P. inachus
Binomial name
Pakicetus inachus
Gingerich & Russell, 1981
Pakicetus
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Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. Scientific classification also can be called scientific taxonomy, but should be distinguished from folk taxonomy, which lacks scientific basis.
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Chordata
Bateson, 1885
Typical Classes
See below
Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates.
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Bateson, 1885
Typical Classes
See below
Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates.
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Mammalia
Linnaeus, 1758
Subclasses & Infraclasses
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Linnaeus, 1758
Subclasses & Infraclasses
- Subclass †Allotheria*
- Subclass Prototheria
- Subclass Theria
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Cetacea
Brisson, 1762
Diversity
Around 88 species; see list of cetaceans or below.
Suborders
Mysticeti
Odontoceti
Archaeoceti (extinct)
(see text for families)
The order Cetacea
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Brisson, 1762
Diversity
Around 88 species; see list of cetaceans or below.
Suborders
Mysticeti
Odontoceti
Archaeoceti (extinct)
(see text for families)
The order Cetacea
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In phylogenetics, a group of organisms is said to be paraphyletic (Greek para = near and phyle = race) if the group contains its most recent common ancestor, but does not contain all the descendants of that ancestor.
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Cetacea
Brisson, 1762
Diversity
Around 88 species; see list of cetaceans or below.
Suborders
Mysticeti
Odontoceti
Archaeoceti (extinct)
(see text for families)
The order Cetacea
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Brisson, 1762
Diversity
Around 88 species; see list of cetaceans or below.
Suborders
Mysticeti
Odontoceti
Archaeoceti (extinct)
(see text for families)
The order Cetacea
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Mesonychia
Families
Hapalodectidae
Mesonychidae
Triisodontidae
Mesonychia ("Middle Claws") are an extinct order of medium to large-sized carnivorous mammals that were closely related to artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates), and to cetaceans
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Families
Hapalodectidae
Mesonychidae
Triisodontidae
Mesonychia ("Middle Claws") are an extinct order of medium to large-sized carnivorous mammals that were closely related to artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates), and to cetaceans
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Artiodactyla*
Owen, 1848
Families
Antilocapridae
Bovidae
Camelidae
Cervidae
Giraffidae
Hippopotamidae
Moschidae
Suidae
Tayassuidae
Tragulidae
Leptochoeridae †
Dichobunidae †
Cebochoeridae †
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Owen, 1848
Families
Antilocapridae
Bovidae
Camelidae
Cervidae
Giraffidae
Hippopotamidae
Moschidae
Suidae
Tayassuidae
Tragulidae
Leptochoeridae †
Dichobunidae †
Cebochoeridae †
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Hippopotamidae
Gray, 1821
Genera
Hippopotamus
Hexaprotodon
Archaeopotamus
Choeropsis
Saotherium
Hippopotamuses (colloquially also "Hippopotami") are the members of the family
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Gray, 1821
Genera
Hippopotamus
Hexaprotodon
Archaeopotamus
Choeropsis
Saotherium
Hippopotamuses (colloquially also "Hippopotami") are the members of the family
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Hippopotamus
Species: H. amphibius
Binomial name
Hippopotamus amphibius
Linnaeus, 1758[1]
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Species: H. amphibius
Binomial name
Hippopotamus amphibius
Linnaeus, 1758[1]
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The Cretaceous Period is one of the major divisions of the geologic timescale, reaching from the end of the Jurassic Period (i.e. from 145.5 ± 4.0 million years ago (Ma)) to the beginning of the Paleocene epoch of the Tertiary Period (about 65.5 ± 0.3 Ma).
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The Paleocene, "early dawn of the recent", is a geologic epoch that lasted from 65.5 ± 0.3 Ma to 55.8 ± 0.2 Ma (million years ago). It is the first epoch of the Palaeogene Period in the modern Cenozoic era.
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The Eocene epoch (55.8 ± 0.2 - 33.9 ± 0.1 Ma) is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Palaeogene period in the Cenozoic era. The Eocene spans the time from the end of the Paleocene epoch to the beginning of the Oligocene epoch.
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The Eocene-Oligocene extinction event was a period when many ancient organisms of the Eocene and Oligocene epochs became extinct.
Most of the affected organisms were marine or aquatic in nature.
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Most of the affected organisms were marine or aquatic in nature.
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The Oligocene epoch is a geologic period that extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present. As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the period are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the period are slightly
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Cetartiodactyla
Orders
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Orders
- Order: Cetacea
- Suborders:
- Suina
- Tylopoda
- Ruminantia
- Family: Hippopotamidae
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Cetacea
Brisson, 1762
Diversity
Around 88 species; see list of cetaceans or below.
Suborders
Mysticeti
Odontoceti
Archaeoceti (extinct)
(see text for families)
The order Cetacea
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Brisson, 1762
Diversity
Around 88 species; see list of cetaceans or below.
Suborders
Mysticeti
Odontoceti
Archaeoceti (extinct)
(see text for families)
The order Cetacea
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Pakicetidae
Genera
Gandakasia
Pakicetus
Nalacetus
Ichthyolestes
Pakicetids are the members of the family Pakicetidae, sometimes called the subfamily Pakicetinae
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Genera
Gandakasia
Pakicetus
Nalacetus
Ichthyolestes
Pakicetids are the members of the family Pakicetidae, sometimes called the subfamily Pakicetinae
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Pakicetus
Species: P. inachus
Binomial name
Pakicetus inachus
Gingerich & Russell, 1981
Pakicetus
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Species: P. inachus
Binomial name
Pakicetus inachus
Gingerich & Russell, 1981
Pakicetus
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Ichtyolestes
Ichtyolestes was a genus pakicetid family. As such, Ichtyolestes was related to Pakicetus and cetaceans.
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Ichtyolestes was a genus pakicetid family. As such, Ichtyolestes was related to Pakicetus and cetaceans.
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Himalayacetus
Himalayacetus is an extinct genus of a group called Archaeoceti. Himalayacetus probably still had four limbs, and could probably walk on land. However, it probably hunted in shallow waters similar to crocodiles of today.
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Himalayacetus is an extinct genus of a group called Archaeoceti. Himalayacetus probably still had four limbs, and could probably walk on land. However, it probably hunted in shallow waters similar to crocodiles of today.
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Ambulocetidae
Thewissen et al, 1996
Genera
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Thewissen et al, 1996
Genera
- Ambulocetus
- Gandakasia
- Himalayacetus
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Ambulocetus
Species: A. natans
Binomial name
Ambulocetus natans
Thewissen et al.
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Species: A. natans
Binomial name
Ambulocetus natans
Thewissen et al.
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Gandakasia
Gandakasia was a genus of ambulocetid from the Eocene epoch. It probably caught its prey near rivers or streams.
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Gandakasia was a genus of ambulocetid from the Eocene epoch. It probably caught its prey near rivers or streams.
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Kutchicetus was an early Eocene (55.8 ± 0.2 - 33.9 ± 0.1 Ma) cetacean that could walk as well as swim. It is a transitional fossil that shows how whales evolved from land-living mammals. It was a small animal, no larger than a river otter.
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Rodhocetus
Rodhocetus is one of several extinct whale genera that possess land mammal characteristics, thus demonstrating the transition from land to sea that whales went through.
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Rodhocetus is one of several extinct whale genera that possess land mammal characteristics, thus demonstrating the transition from land to sea that whales went through.
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Herod_Archelaus
