Information about Animals (scientific Procedures) Act 1986
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The British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection argues that the Act is designed to protect researchers from prosecution for cruelty, rather than to protect the animals themselves. [2] However, a select committee inquiry described the Act as the "tightest system of regulation in the world." [3]
Background
Prior to A(SP)A 86, the use of animals in the UK was regulated by the 1876 Cruelty to Animals Act, which enforced a licensing and inspection system for vivisection. Animal cruelty is regulated by the 1911 Protection of Animals Act, which outlaws the causing of "unnecessary suffering", though this law does not apply experiments licensed under the 1986 Act. [3]Scope
The 1986 Act regulates procedures, defined as animal experiments that could potentially cause "pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm", to protected animals, encompassing all living vertebrates other than humans. A 1993 amendment to the Act included a single invertebrate species, Octopus vulgaris, as a protected animal. The Act applies only to protected animals from halfway through their gestation or incubation periods (for mammals, birds and reptiles) or from when they capable of independent feeding (for fish, amphibians and, latterly, octopuses).Licences
A(SP)A 86 is characterised by three levels of regulation - person, project, and place. The 'person' level is achieved by the granting of a personal licence (PIL) to a researcher wishing to carry out regulated procedures on a protected animal. Having undergone a defined sequence of training, a researcher can apply for and be granted a PIL permitting specified techniques to be carried out in named species of animals. The 'project' level of regulation is governed by the granting of a project licence (PPL) to a suitably qualified senior researcher. The PPL will detail the scope of the work to be carried out, the likely benefits that may be realised by the work, and the costs involved in terms of the numbers and types of animals to be used. Typically a large and detailed document, the PPL precisely defines which techniques may be applied to particular animals and for what purpose. Finally the place where regulated procedures are carried out is controlled by the granting of a "certificate of designation" (PCD), which will list which rooms in the establishment are permitted to be used for certain techniques and species.Opinion
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The British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection has criticized the Act, arguing that its main function is not to protect animals, but to protect researchers by permitting them to carry out acts that would be illegal outside a laboratory setting. BUAV writes that: "Under the 1986 Act, it is still perfectly legal for an animal in a laboratory to be unnaturally caged for its entire life; poisoned; deprived of food, water or sleep; applied with skin and eye irritants; subjected to psychological stress; deliberately infected with diseases such as cancer and AIDS; brain damaged; paralysed; surgically mutilated; irradiated; burned; gassed; force fed, electrocuted and killed." [2]
Patricia Hewitt, then British Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, argues that the Act is among "the strongest laws in the world to protect animals which are being used for medical research." [4]
A 2002 House of Lords select committee inquiry compared the Act to legislation from France, the U.S., and Japan. The report concluded that "virtually all witnesses agreed that the UK has the tightest system of regulation in the world" and that it is "the only country to require an explicit cost/benefit assessment of every application to conduct animal research." [3] Note that in this case, costs are explicitly in terms of animal suffering, not the financial cost to the experimenters.
See also
Notes
1. ^ Guidance on the Operation of the Animals (Scientific Procedures) act of 1986, The Stationery Office, 15 May, 2000, retrieved December 06, 2006.
2. ^ "The Law", British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, retrieved July 30, 2006.
3. ^ Select Committee on Animals In Scientific Procedures Report, The Stationery Office, 16 July 2002, retrieved December 06, 2006.
4. ^ "Head to head: Laws on activists", BBC News, January 31, 2005, retrieved December 6, 2006
2. ^ "The Law", British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, retrieved July 30, 2006.
3. ^ Select Committee on Animals In Scientific Procedures Report, The Stationery Office, 16 July 2002, retrieved December 06, 2006.
4. ^ "Head to head: Laws on activists", BBC News, January 31, 2005, retrieved December 6, 2006
Further reading
Animal testing or animal research refers to the use of animals in experiments. It is estimated that 50 to 100 million vertebrate animals worldwide [4][5][6]
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alternatives to animal testing need to be developed. The "three Rs",[1] first described by Russell and Burch (1959), are guiding principles for the use of animals in research in many countries:
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- Reduction
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Animal testing or animal research refers to the use of animals in experiments. It is estimated that 50 to 100 million vertebrate animals worldwide [4][5][6]
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Most animal testing involves invertebrates, especially Drosophila melanogaster, a fruit fly, and Caenorhabditis elegans, a nematode. These animals offer scientists many advantages over vertebrates, including their short life cycle, simple anatomy and the ease with
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Frogs have been used in animal tests throughout the history of biomedical science.
Eighteenth-century biologist Luigi Galvani discovered the link between electricity and the nervous system through studying frogs.
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Eighteenth-century biologist Luigi Galvani discovered the link between electricity and the nervous system through studying frogs.
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Non-human primates (NHPs) are used in toxicology tests, studies of neurology, behavior and cognition, reproduction, genetics, and xenotransplantation. They are caught in the wild, taken from zoos, circuses and animal trainers, or purpose-bred.
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Draize Test is an animal test devised in 1944 by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) toxicologist John H. Draize and coworkers. Initially for testing cosmetics, the procedure today typically involves applying 0.5 ml or 0.
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Rodents are commonly used in animal testing, particularly guinea pigs, hamsters, gerbils, rats, and mice.
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Numbers
In the UK in 2004, 1,910,110 mice, 464,727 rats and 37,475 other rodents were used (84.5% of the total animals used that year)...... Click the link for more information.
history of animal testing goes back to the writings of the Greeks in the third and fourth centuries BCE, with Aristotle (384-322 BC) and Erasistratus (304-258 BC) among the first to perform experiments on living animals.
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The history of model organisms began with the idea that certain organisms can be studied and used to gain knowledge of other organisms or as a control (ideal) for other organisms of the same species.
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Testing cosmetics on animals is controversial. It is banned in the Netherlands, Belgium, and the UK, and in 2002, after 13 years of discussion, the European Union (EU) agreed to phase in a near-total ban on the sale of animal-tested cosmetics throughout the EU from 2009, and to ban
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Animal rights, also known as animal liberation, is the idea that the interests of non-human animals—for example, avoiding suffering—should have the same consideration as the interests of human beings.
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Animal welfare is the viewpoint that animals, especially those under human care, should not suffer unnecessarily, including where the animals are used for food, work, companionship, or research.
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A Great Ape research ban, or severe restrictions on the use of non-human great apes in research, is currently in place in the Netherlands, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Germany and Austria.
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The international trade in primates sees 32,000 wild non-human primates (NHPs) trapped and sold on the international market every year. They are sold mostly for use in animal testing, but also for food, for exhibition in zoos and circuses, and for private use as companion animals.
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Britches was the name given by researchers to a Stump-tailed Macaque monkey who was born into a breeding colony at the University of California, Riverside in March 1985. He was removed from his mother at birth and had his eyelids sewn shut as part of a three-year maternal- and
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Cambridge University primate experiments are licensed by the British government for the purpose of research into brain function. The experiments are controversial, first coming to widespread public attention in the UK following undercover investigations lasting ten months in 1998
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The pit of despair, or vertical chamber, was a device used in experiments conducted on rhesus macaque monkeys during the 1970s by American comparative psychologist Harry Harlow and his students at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
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The Silver Spring monkeys were 17 monkeys kept in small wire cages inside the Institute of Behavioral Research in Silver Spring, Maryland, by Dr. Edward Taub, who was researching neuroplasticity with a grant from the National Institute of Health (NIH).
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Unnecessary Fuss is a film produced by Ingrid Newkirk and Alex Pacheco of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), showing footage shot inside the University of Pennsylvania's Head Injury Clinic in Philadelphia.
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Charles River Laboratories, Inc.
Public
Founded 1947
Headquarters Wilmington, Massachusetts
Key people James C. Foster, CEO
Industry Pharmaceutical/Medical Devices
Employees 8,500
Website Charles Rivers Laboratories
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Public
Founded 1947
Headquarters Wilmington, Massachusetts
Key people James C. Foster, CEO
Industry Pharmaceutical/Medical Devices
Employees 8,500
Website Charles Rivers Laboratories
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Covance
Public (NYSE: CVD )
Founded 1997
Headquarters Princeton, New Jersey; facilities in 20 countries
Key people Chairman and CEO: Joseph L. (Joe) Herring
Industry Contract Research Organizations
Pharmaceutical
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Public (NYSE: CVD )
Founded 1997
Headquarters Princeton, New Jersey; facilities in 20 countries
Key people Chairman and CEO: Joseph L. (Joe) Herring
Industry Contract Research Organizations
Pharmaceutical
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Harlan is an international company that supplies animals and other services for animal experimentation. It is based in the United States, but has branches in the UK, France, Italy, Germany, Netherlands, Spain, Israel, Mexico, and Scandinavia.
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Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS) is a contract animal-testing company founded in 1952 in England, now with facilities in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire and Eye, Suffolk in the UK; New Jersey in the U.S.; and in Japan.
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Since the mid-1990s, laboratory animal suppliers in the United Kingdom have found themselves at the centre of animal rights protests against animal testing.[reference1]
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Nafovanny in Vietnam is the largest captive-breeding non-human primate facility in the world, supplying long-tailed macaques (Macaca Fascicularis) to animal testing laboratories, including Huntingdon Life Sciences in the UK and Covance in Germany.
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Americans for Medical Progress (AMP) is a charity that aims to protect and advocate for society's investment in medical research. As a specific goal, AMP states that it promotes "public understanding of and support for the appropriate role of animals in biomedical research so that
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The American Association for Laboratory Animal Science (AALAS), a 501(c)3 nonprofit membership association, was formed in 1950 as a forum for the exchange of information and expertise in the care and use of laboratory animals.
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The American Association for the Advancement of Science (or AAAS) is an organization that promotes cooperation between scientists, defends scientific freedom, encourages scientific responsibility and supports scientific education and science outreach for the betterment of
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The Foundation for Biomedical Research (FBR) is an American lobby group that promotes or defends animal testing. They are the nation's oldest and largest organization dedicated to improving human and veterinary health by promoting public understanding and support for humane and
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