Information about Acrolect
An acrolect is a register of a spoken language that is considered formal and high-style.
In the early 1970s Derek Bickerton proposed the words acrolect, mesolect, and basilect to refer to the phenomenon of code-switching used by some users of creole languages who also have some fluency in the standard language upon which the contact language is based (see creole speech continuum). The words subsequently were generalized to refer to code-switching between registers within any language.
These terms are at present used in preference to earlier terminology which included the implicit or explicit assumption that members of the ruling class in a country's political and economic centers were speaking and writing the "correct" form of their language while the lower classes and inhabitants of outlying provinces were speaking "dialects" or "mistaken", "debased" or "vulgar" forms of the language.
In some ways, an acrolect is a spoken version of a literary language; acrolects frequently differ from ordinary spoken language by their vocabulary and syntax. More heed is taken of the norms of prescriptive grammar in words spoken in an acrolect than in casual speech. Acrolects are used on ritual occasions and performances, and at important, formal political gatherings such as inaugurations and prepared speeches before courts or legislatures.
Acrolects are also found in religious ritual; when read aloud in English, the language of the King James Bible and the Book of Common Prayer are perhaps the most conspicuous peaks in the continuum from acrolect to basilect. Their use of archaisms such as the old second person pronoun thou mark their spoken usages as belonging to a separate order of ritual speech.
Other languages have even more pronounced differences between acrolects and basilects. In Japanese, the continuum has been absorbed into the language's grammar, and separate inflections mark and distinguish formal and informal Japanese. At the end of World War II, when the Emperor Hirohito announced the surrender of the Japanese forces in a broadcast radio address, his speech was imperfectly understood by his subjects because he composed it in a highly formal and archaic version of Japanese that was used only at the imperial court.
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Japanese
日本語
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In the early 1970s Derek Bickerton proposed the words acrolect, mesolect, and basilect to refer to the phenomenon of code-switching used by some users of creole languages who also have some fluency in the standard language upon which the contact language is based (see creole speech continuum). The words subsequently were generalized to refer to code-switching between registers within any language.
These terms are at present used in preference to earlier terminology which included the implicit or explicit assumption that members of the ruling class in a country's political and economic centers were speaking and writing the "correct" form of their language while the lower classes and inhabitants of outlying provinces were speaking "dialects" or "mistaken", "debased" or "vulgar" forms of the language.
In some ways, an acrolect is a spoken version of a literary language; acrolects frequently differ from ordinary spoken language by their vocabulary and syntax. More heed is taken of the norms of prescriptive grammar in words spoken in an acrolect than in casual speech. Acrolects are used on ritual occasions and performances, and at important, formal political gatherings such as inaugurations and prepared speeches before courts or legislatures.
Acrolects are also found in religious ritual; when read aloud in English, the language of the King James Bible and the Book of Common Prayer are perhaps the most conspicuous peaks in the continuum from acrolect to basilect. Their use of archaisms such as the old second person pronoun thou mark their spoken usages as belonging to a separate order of ritual speech.
Other languages have even more pronounced differences between acrolects and basilects. In Japanese, the continuum has been absorbed into the language's grammar, and separate inflections mark and distinguish formal and informal Japanese. At the end of World War II, when the Emperor Hirohito announced the surrender of the Japanese forces in a broadcast radio address, his speech was imperfectly understood by his subjects because he composed it in a highly formal and archaic version of Japanese that was used only at the imperial court.
See also
For the phonological term, see .
In linguistics, a register is a subset of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting...... Click the link for more information.
A spoken language is a human natural language in which the words are uttered through the mouth. Most human languages are spoken languages.
Speech communication stands in contrast to sign language and written language.
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Speech communication stands in contrast to sign language and written language.
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Derek Bickerton (born March 25, 1926) is a linguist and Professor Emeritus at the University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Based on his work in creole languages in Guyana and Hawaii, he has proposed that the features of creole languages provide powerful insights into the development of
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A mesolect is term referring to a register or range of registers of spoken language whose character falls somewhere between the prestige of the acrolect and the informality of the basilect.
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In linguistics, a basilect is a dialect of speech that has diverged considerably from an acrolect, or standard, "educated", variety of the language. A basilect and the acrolect in which it originated may eventually reach mutual unintelligibility.
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Code-switching is a term in linguistics referring to describe using more than one variety of language. Often codeswitching refers to using more than one variety of language in a single situation (often within a single sentence or even word.
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A creole language, or simply a creole, is a stable language that originates seemingly as a "new" language, sometimes with features that are not inherited from any apparent source, without however qualifying in any appreciable way as a mixed language.
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A standard language (also standard dialect or standardized dialect) is a particular variety of a language that has been given either legal or quasi-legal status.
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post-creole continuum (or creole continuum) may arise. It is a process wherein a creole language will decreolize and become closer in phonology, morphology, and syntax to the standard of the dominant language but to different degrees depending on a speaker's status and
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For the phonological term, see .
In linguistics, a register is a subset of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting...... Click the link for more information.
A literary language is a register of a language that is used in literary writing. This may also include liturgical writing. The difference between literary and non-literary (vernacular) forms is more marked in some languages than in others.
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A vocabulary is a set of words known to a person or other entity, or that are part of a specific language.
The vocabulary of a person is defined either as the set of all words that are understood by that person or the set of all words likely to be used by that person when
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The vocabulary of a person is defined either as the set of all words that are understood by that person or the set of all words likely to be used by that person when
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In computer science, SYNTAX is a system used to generate lexical and syntactic analyzers (parsers) (both deterministic and non-deterministic) for all kind of context-free grammars
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In linguistics, prescription can refer both to the codification and the enforcement of rules governing how a language is to be used. These rules can cover such topics as standards for spelling and grammar or syntax; or rules for what is deemed socially or politically correct.
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ritual is a set of actions, often thought to have symbolic value, the performance of which is usually prescribed by a religion or by the traditions of a community.[1][2]
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inauguration is a ceremony of formal investiture whereby an individual assumes an office or position of authority or power. The term is usually used in reference to a politician's assumption of the duties of head of state or head of government (e.g. the President's inauguration).
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court is a public forum used by a power base to adjudicate disputes and dispense civil, labour, administrative and criminal justice under its laws. In common law and civil law states, courts are the central means for dispute resolution, and it is generally understood that all
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A legislature is a type of representative deliberative assembly with the power to adopt laws.
Legislatures are known by many names, the most common being parliament and congress, although these terms also have more specific meanings.
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Legislatures are known by many names, the most common being parliament and congress, although these terms also have more specific meanings.
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religion is a set of common beliefs and practices generally held by a group of people, often codified as prayer, ritual, and religious law. Religion also encompasses ancestral or cultural traditions, writings, history, and mythology, as well as personal faith and mystic experience.
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ritual is a set of actions, often thought to have symbolic value, the performance of which is usually prescribed by a religion or by the traditions of a community.[1][2]
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King James Version
Full name: King James Version
Authorized Version
Abbreviation: KJV or AV
Complete Bible published: 1611
Textual Basis: Textus Receptus, 57% deviation from Nestle-Aland 27th edition (NT)
Translation type: 2% paraphrase rate
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Full name: King James Version
Authorized Version
Abbreviation: KJV or AV
Complete Bible published: 1611
Textual Basis: Textus Receptus, 57% deviation from Nestle-Aland 27th edition (NT)
Translation type: 2% paraphrase rate
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For the novel, see .
The Book of Common Prayer is the common title of a number of prayer books of the Church of England and used throughout the Anglican Communion...... Click the link for more information.
In linguistics, a basilect is a dialect of speech that has diverged considerably from an acrolect, or standard, "educated", variety of the language. A basilect and the acrolect in which it originated may eventually reach mutual unintelligibility.
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In language, an archaism is the use of a form of speech or writing that is no longer current. This can either be done deliberately (to achieve a specific effect) or as part of a specific jargon (for example in law) or formula (for example in religious contexts).
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Grammatical person, in linguistics, is deictic reference to the participant role of a referent, such as the speaker, the addressee, and others. Grammatical person typically defines a language's set of personal pronouns.
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thou (pronounced IPA: /ğaʊ/, dialectically various) is a second person singular pronoun in English. It is now largely archaic, having been replaced in almost all contexts by you.
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This article contains Japanese text.
Without proper ,
you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of kanji or kana.
Without proper ,
you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of kanji or kana.
Japanese
日本語
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Grammar is the study of the rules governing the use of a given natural language, and as such a field of linguistics. Traditionally, grammar included morphology and syntax, in modern linguistics commonly expanded by the subfields of phonetics, phonology, orthography, semantics, and
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inflection or inflexion is the modification or marking of a word (or more precisely lexeme) to reflect grammatical (that is, relational) information, such as gender, tense, number or person.
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Allied powers:
Soviet Union
United States
United Kingdom
China
France
...et al. Axis powers:
Germany
Japan
Italy
...et al.
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Soviet Union
United States
United Kingdom
China
France
...et al. Axis powers:
Germany
Japan
Italy
...et al.
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