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Information about Abyssal Zone

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Layers of the pelagic zone
The abyssal zone is the pelagic zone that contains the very deep benthic communities near the bottom of oceans. Abyss is from the Greek word meaning bottomless sea. At depths of 4,000 to 6,000 meters (13,123 to 19,685 feet), this zone remains in perpetual darkness and never receives daylight. Its permanent inhabitants – for example, the Black swallower, tripod fish, deep-sea anglerfish, and the giant squid – are able to withstand the immense pressures of the ocean depths, up to 775 kilograms per square centimeter (76 megapascals or 4.92 long tons force per square inch). Many abyssal creatures have underslung jaws to sift through the sand to catch food. The deep trenches or fissures that plunge down thousands of feet below the ocean floor – for example, the midoceanic trenches such as the Mariana Trench in the Pacific – are almost unexplored. Only the bathyscaph Trieste has been able to descend to these depths. These regions are also characterized by continuous cold and lack of nutrients. The abyssal zone has temperatures around 2 to 3 degrees Celsius.

The area below the abyssal zone is the sparsely inhabited hadal zone. The zone above is the bathyal zone, and above that is the photic zone, in which the majority of ocean life exists.

See also

The pelagic zone is the part of the open sea or ocean that is not near the coast. In contrast, the neritic zone comprises the water that is near to (and is significantly affected by) the coast or the continental shelf.
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benthic zone is the lowest level of a body of water, such as an ocean or a lake. It is inhabited by organisms that live in close relationship with (if not physically attached to) the ground, called benthos or benthic organisms.
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Earth's oceans
(World Ocean)
  • Arctic Ocean
  • Atlantic Ocean
  • Indian Ocean
  • Pacific Ocean
  • Southern Ocean
An ocean (from Ωκεανός, Okeanos
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Greek}}} 
Writing system: Greek alphabet 
Official status
Official language of:  Greece
 Cyprus
 European Union
recognised as minority language in parts of:
 European Union
 Italy
 Turkey
Regulated by:
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C. niger

Binomial name
Chiasmodon niger
Johnson, 1864

The black swallower (Chiasmodon niger
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A. grallator

Binomial name
Bathypterois grallator
(Goode & Bean, 1886)

The tripod fish, Bathypterois grallator
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Lophiiformes

Suborders

Antennarioidei
Lophioidei
Ogcocephalioidei
See text for families.

Anglerfish are bony fish in the order Lophiiformes[1]
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Architeuthidae
Pfeffer, 1900

Genus: Architeuthis
Steenstrup in Harting, 1860

Species
  • Architeuthis dux Steenstrup, 1857
  • ?Architeuthis hartingii Verrill, 1875
  • ?

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The unit kilogram-force (kgf, often just kg) or kilopond (kp) is defined as the force exerted by one kilogram of mass in standard Earth gravity.
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The pascal (symbol: Pa) is the SI derived unit of pressure or stress (also: Young's modulus and tensile strength). It is a measure of perpendicular force per unit area i.e. equivalent to one newton per square meter or one Joule per cubic meter.
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Long Ton (L/T sometimes known as a Gross Ton, Weight Ton, or Imperial Ton) is the name for the unit called the "Ton" in the Avoirdupois or Imperial system of measurements, as formerly used in the United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth countries.
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Mariana Trench (or Marianas Trench) is the deepest known submarine trench, with a maximum depth of about 11 km (6.8 mi), and the deepest location on the surface of the Earth's crust.
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Earth's oceans
(World Ocean)
  • Arctic Ocean
  • Atlantic Ocean
  • Indian Ocean
  • Pacific Ocean
  • Southern Ocean


The Pacific Ocean (from the Latin name Mare Pacificum
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bathyscape, bathyscaphe, or bathyscaph is a free-diving self-propelled deep-sea diving submersible, consisting of a crew cabin similar to a bathysphere suspended below a float (rather than from a surface cable, as in the classic bathysphere design)
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“Hadal” redirects here. For the album by Velcra, see Hadal (album).


Hadal zone (or Hadopelagic zone) is the delineation for the deepest trenches in the ocean.
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The bathyal zone or bathypelagic is the pelagic zone that extends from a depth of 1000 to 4000 meters below the ocean surface. It lies between the mesopelagic above, and the abyssopelagic below.
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The photic zone or euphotic zone (Greek 'well lit') is the depth of the water whether in a lake or an ocean, that is exposed to sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis to occur. The depth of the euphotic zone can be greatly affected by seasonal turbidity.
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Mariana Trench (or Marianas Trench) is the deepest known submarine trench, with a maximum depth of about 11 km (6.8 mi), and the deepest location on the surface of the Earth's crust.
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Abyssal plain are flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin floor. They are among the Earth's flattest and smoothest regions and the least explored. Abyssal plains cover approximately 40% of the ocean floor and reach depths between 2,200 and 5,500 m (7,200 and
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