Information about .invalid
) IANA -- Internet Assigned Numbers Authority | |
| Introduced | 1999 |
|---|---|
| TLD type | Reserved top-level domain |
| Status | Reserved to prevent actual use |
| Registry | IANA |
| Sponsor | None |
| Intended use | When it's necessary to show an address guaranteed to be invalid, and visible as such at a glance |
| Actual use | Popular to put at the end of intentionally-bad e-mail addresses used in newsgroup postings to avoid spam |
| Registration restrictions | No registrations are possible, as this domain is not in the root |
| Structure | Users can use it in any desired structure; it doesn't really exist |
| Documents | RFC 2606 |
| Dispute policies | None |
| Web site | |
.invalid is a reserved top-level domain not intended for real use in the global DNS. It was defined in June 1999 by RFC 2606, along with .test, .localhost, and .example.
.invalid was created to provide TLD's for use in places where a user wishes to enter an address that is known not to work. Using .invalid at the end of munged e-mail addresses is strongly recommended in order to minimise the load placed on legitimate systems if the address is harvested by spammers. If the munged address contains a valid domain (and many obvious possibilities like example.com are in fact valid) then bulk mail to non-existent sub-domains and users must be routed and then rejected by the servers at that site. If the munged domain is not valid, then a certain amount of DNS activity is still required to determine that fact, whereas in both cases a lookup for a .invalid address can be rejected at the first opportunity.
Some consider the use of an invalid address in a "From" field (for instance, in newsgroup postings) to be a standards violation, whether or not it is properly marked using the .invalid TLD; a possible interpretation of the relevant RFC documents holds that such fields must always have valid addresses at which the author of the message is reachable.
| Generic top-level domains | ||
|---|---|---|
| Unsponsored | .biz .com .edu .gov .info .int .mil .name .net .org | |
| Sponsored | .aero .asia .cat .coop .jobs .mobi .museum .pro .tel .travel | |
| Infrastructure | .arpa .root | |
| Proposed | .berlin .bzh .cym .gal .geo .kid .kids .lat .mail .nyc .post .sco .web .xxx | |
| Deleted/retired | .nato | |
| Reserved | .example .invalid .localhost .test | |
| Pseudo-domains | .bitnet .csnet .ip .local .onion .uucp | |
| Unofficial | see Alternative DNS roots | |
See also: Country code top-level domains | ||
20th century - 21st century
1960s 1970s 1980s - 1990s - 2000s 2010s 2020s
1996 1997 1998 - 1999 - 2000 2001 2002
Year 1999 (MCMXCIX
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1960s 1970s 1980s - 1990s - 2000s 2010s 2020s
1996 1997 1998 - 1999 - 2000 2001 2002
Year 1999 (MCMXCIX
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Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is the entity that oversees global IP address allocation, DNS root zone management, and other Internet protocol assignments. It is operated by ICANN.
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E-mail (short for electronic mail; often also abbreviated as e-mail, email or simply mail) is a store and forward method of composing, sending, storing, and receiving messages over electronic communication systems.
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A newsgroup is a repository usually within the Usenet system, for messages posted from many users at different locations. The term is somewhat confusing, because it is usually a discussion group.
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E-mail spam, also known as bulk e-mail or junk e-mail is a subset of spam that involves sending nearly identical messages to numerous recipients by e-mail. A common synonym for spam is unsolicited bulk e-mail (UBE).
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On the Internet, the Domain Name System (DNS) associates various sorts of information with so-called domain names; most importantly, it serves as the "phone book" for the Internet by translating human-readable computer hostnames, e.g. en.wikipedia.
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.test
Introduced 1999
TLD type Reserved top-level domain
Status Reserved to prevent actual use
Registry IANA
Sponsor None
Intended use Addresses used in internal testing, designed to never match an address in actual use on the Internet
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Introduced 1999
TLD type Reserved top-level domain
Status Reserved to prevent actual use
Registry IANA
Sponsor None
Intended use Addresses used in internal testing, designed to never match an address in actual use on the Internet
..... Click the link for more information.
.localhost
Introduced 1999
TLD type Reserved top-level domain
Status Reserved to prevent actual use
Registry IANA
Sponsor None
Intended use Identifies the current local computer; reserved at the top level of the DNS to prevent remote addresses that conflict
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Introduced 1999
TLD type Reserved top-level domain
Status Reserved to prevent actual use
Registry IANA
Sponsor None
Intended use Identifies the current local computer; reserved at the top level of the DNS to prevent remote addresses that conflict
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.example
Introduced 1999
TLD type Reserved top-level domain
Status Reserved to prevent actual use
Registry IANA
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Please help [ improve the article] or discuss these issues on the talk page.
.example
Introduced 1999
TLD type Reserved top-level domain
Status Reserved to prevent actual use
Registry IANA
..... Click the link for more information.
Address munging is the practice of disguising, or munging, an e-mail address to prevent it being automatically collected and used as a target for people and organizations who send unsolicited bulk e-mail.
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E-mail harvesting is the process of obtaining lists of e-mail addresses using various methods for use in bulk e-mail or other purposes usually grouped as spam.
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Methods
The simplest method involves spammers purchasing or trading lists of e-mail addresses from other spammers...... Click the link for more information.
example.com, example.net, and example.org are second-level domain names reserved (by RFC 2606, Section 3) for use in documentation as examples. They are not available for registration.
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Request for Comments (RFC) documents are a series of memoranda encompassing new research, innovations, and methodologies applicable to Internet technologies.
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A generic top-level domain (gTLD) is a top-level domain used (at least in theory) by a particular class of organization. These are three or more letters long, and are named for the type of organization that they represent (for example, .com for commercial organizations).
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.biz
Introduced 2001
TLD type Generic top-level domain
Status Active
Registry Neulevel (90% owned by Neustar)
Sponsor None
Intended use Businesses
Actual use Various uses; many held by speculators or used in spam
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Introduced 2001
TLD type Generic top-level domain
Status Active
Registry Neulevel (90% owned by Neustar)
Sponsor None
Intended use Businesses
Actual use Various uses; many held by speculators or used in spam
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.com
Introduced 1985
TLD type Generic top-level domain
Status Active
Registry VeriSign
Sponsor None
Intended use Commercial entities (worldwide)
Actual use Used for virtually any commercial or non-commercial website and is generally accepted as the standard
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Introduced 1985
TLD type Generic top-level domain
Status Active
Registry VeriSign
Sponsor None
Intended use Commercial entities (worldwide)
Actual use Used for virtually any commercial or non-commercial website and is generally accepted as the standard
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.edu
Introduced 1985
TLD type Generic top-level domain
Status Active
Registry Educause (operated by VeriSign)
Sponsor Not technically sponsored, but Educause is a nonprofit organization
Intended use Educational institutions
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Introduced 1985
TLD type Generic top-level domain
Status Active
Registry Educause (operated by VeriSign)
Sponsor Not technically sponsored, but Educause is a nonprofit organization
Intended use Educational institutions
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.gov
Introduced 1985
TLD type Generic top-level domain
Status Active
Registry General Services Administration, operated by ZoneEdit
Sponsor None
Intended use Governmental entities
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Introduced 1985
TLD type Generic top-level domain
Status Active
Registry General Services Administration, operated by ZoneEdit
Sponsor None
Intended use Governmental entities
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.info
Introduced 2001
TLD type Generic top-level domain
Status Active
Registry Afilias
Sponsor None
Intended use Informational sites
Actual use A variety of uses, many information, some held by speculators
Registration restrictions None
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Introduced 2001
TLD type Generic top-level domain
Status Active
Registry Afilias
Sponsor None
Intended use Informational sites
Actual use A variety of uses, many information, some held by speculators
Registration restrictions None
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.int
Introduced 1988
TLD type Generic top-level domain
Status Active
Registry IANA
Sponsor None
Intended use International treaty organizations
Actual use Organizations with United Nations observer status
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Introduced 1988
TLD type Generic top-level domain
Status Active
Registry IANA
Sponsor None
Intended use International treaty organizations
Actual use Organizations with United Nations observer status
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.mil
Introduced 1985
TLD type Generic top-level domain
Status Active
Registry Defense Information Systems Agency
Sponsor None
Intended use Military entities
Actual use Agencies, services and divisions of the United States Department of Defense
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Introduced 1985
TLD type Generic top-level domain
Status Active
Registry Defense Information Systems Agency
Sponsor None
Intended use Military entities
Actual use Agencies, services and divisions of the United States Department of Defense
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.name
Introduced 2001
TLD type Generic top-level domain
Status Active
Registry Global Name Registry (operated by VeriSign)
Sponsor None
Intended use Personal sites of individuals
Actual use Mostly used as intended, but has not grown as fast as .com/.biz/.
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Introduced 2001
TLD type Generic top-level domain
Status Active
Registry Global Name Registry (operated by VeriSign)
Sponsor None
Intended use Personal sites of individuals
Actual use Mostly used as intended, but has not grown as fast as .com/.biz/.
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.NET may refer to
.
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- The .net top-level domain
- .NET Framework, a Microsoft framework for application development
- Portable.NET
.
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.org
Introduced 1985
TLD type Generic top-level domain
Status Active
Registry Public Interest Registry (operated by Afilias)
Sponsor Not technically sponsored, but PIR is connected with the Internet Society
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Introduced 1985
TLD type Generic top-level domain
Status Active
Registry Public Interest Registry (operated by Afilias)
Sponsor Not technically sponsored, but PIR is connected with the Internet Society
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A sponsored top-level domain is a generic top-level domain proposed by an independent agency, with that agency establishing and enforcing rules restricting the eligibility of registrants to use the TLD. For example, the .
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.aero
Introduced March 17, 2002
TLD type Sponsored top-level domain
Status Active
Registry SITA INC B.V. (registry agreement ends in December, 2005 and new registry operator is being sought)
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Introduced March 17, 2002
TLD type Sponsored top-level domain
Status Active
Registry SITA INC B.V. (registry agreement ends in December, 2005 and new registry operator is being sought)
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.asia
Introduced 2006
TLD type Sponsored top-level domain
Status Approved
Registry Afilias
Sponsor DotAsia Organisation
Intended use As a regional domain for Asia and the Pacific
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Introduced 2006
TLD type Sponsored top-level domain
Status Approved
Registry Afilias
Sponsor DotAsia Organisation
Intended use As a regional domain for Asia and the Pacific
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.cat
Introduced 2005
TLD type Sponsored top-level domain
Status Active
Registry Associació puntCAT
Sponsor Fundació puntCAT
Intended use Catalan linguistic and cultural community
Actual use 15,000 domains and about 3 million web pages (As of July 2006)
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Introduced 2005
TLD type Sponsored top-level domain
Status Active
Registry Associació puntCAT
Sponsor Fundació puntCAT
Intended use Catalan linguistic and cultural community
Actual use 15,000 domains and about 3 million web pages (As of July 2006)
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.coop
Introduced 2001
TLD type Sponsored top-level domain
Status Active
Registry Midcounties Co-operative operates the registry on behalf of DotCooperation LLC
Sponsor DotCooperation LLC, a subsidiary of the National Cooperative Business Association
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Introduced 2001
TLD type Sponsored top-level domain
Status Active
Registry Midcounties Co-operative operates the registry on behalf of DotCooperation LLC
Sponsor DotCooperation LLC, a subsidiary of the National Cooperative Business Association
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.jobs
Introduced 2005
TLD type Sponsored top-level domain
Status Active
Registry Employ Media LLC
Sponsor The Society for Human Resource Management
Intended use Human resource management community; for companies and organizations to post their job listings
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Introduced 2005
TLD type Sponsored top-level domain
Status Active
Registry Employ Media LLC
Sponsor The Society for Human Resource Management
Intended use Human resource management community; for companies and organizations to post their job listings
..... Click the link for more information.
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