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.NET Framework
Developer:Microsoft
Latest release:Version 3.0 / November 6, 2006
Preview release:3.5 Beta 2 / July 24, 2007
OS:Windows 98 and above
Genre:System platform
License:MS-EULA, BCL under Microsoft Reference License[1]
Website:www.microsoft.com/net/
The Microsoft .NET Framework is a software component that can be added to or is included with Microsoft Windows operating system. It provides a large body of pre-coded solutions to common program requirements, and manages the execution of programs written specifically for the framework. The .NET Framework is a key Microsoft offering, and is intended to be used by most new applications created for the Windows platform.

The pre-coded solutions that form the framework's Base Class Library (BCL) cover a large range of programming needs in areas including: user interface, data access, database connectivity, cryptography, web application development, numeric algorithms, and network communications. The functions of the class library are used by programmers who combine them with their own code to produce applications. With version 3.5 of the .NET Framework, the libraries will be released under shared-source Microsoft Reference License license.[1]

Programs written for the .NET Framework execute in a software environment that manages the program's runtime requirements. This runtime environment, which is also a part of the .NET Framework, is known as the Common Language Runtime (CLR). The CLR provides the appearance of an application virtual machine, so that programmers need not consider the capabilities of the specific CPU that will execute the program. The CLR also provides other important services such as security mechanisms, memory management, and exception handling. The class library and the CLR together compose the .NET Framework. The framework is intended to make it easier to develop computer applications and to reduce the vulnerability of applications and computers to security threats.

It is included with Windows Server 2003 and Windows Vista, and can be installed on most older versions of Windows.

Design goals and principal features

Microsoft .NET Framework was designed with several intentions:
  • Interoperability - Because interaction between new and older applications is commonly required, the .NET Framework provides means to access functionality that is implemented in programs that execute outside the .NET environment. Access to COM components is provided in the System.Runtime.InteropServices and System.EnterpriseServices namespaces of the framework, and access to other functionality is provided using the P/Invoke feature.
  • Common Runtime Engine - Programming languages on the .NET Framework compile into an intermediate language known as the Common Intermediate Language, or CIL (formerly known as Microsoft Intermediate Language, or MSIL). In Microsoft's implementation, this intermediate language is not interpreted, but rather compiled in a manner known as just-in-time compilation (JIT) into native code. The combination of these concepts is called the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI), a specification; Microsoft's implementation of the CLI is known as the Common Language Runtime (CLR).
  • Language Independence - The .NET Framework introduces a Common Type System, or CTS. The CTS specification defines all possible datatypes and programming constructs supported by the CLR and how they may or may not interact with each other. Because of this feature, the .NET Framework supports development in multiple programming languages. This is discussed in more detail in Microsoft .NET Languages.
  • Base Class Library - The Base Class Library (BCL), part of the Framework Class Library (FCL), is a library of types available to all languages using the .NET Framework. The BCL provides classes which encapsulate a number of common functions, including file reading and writing, graphic rendering, database interaction and XML document manipulation.
  • Simplified Deployment - Installation of computer software must be carefully managed to ensure that it does not interfere with previously installed software, and that it conforms to increasingly stringent security requirements. The .NET framework includes design features and tools that help address these requirements.
  • Security - .NET allows for code to be run with different trust levels without the use of a separate sandbox.
A design goal of the .NET Framework was to support platform independence. That is, a program written to use the framework should run without change on any type of computer for which the framework is implemented. However, Microsoft has only implemented the full .NET framework on the Windows operating system. Microsoft and others have implemented portions of the framework on non-Windows systems, but to date these implementations are neither complete nor widely used, so full cross-platform support has not been achieved.

.NET Framework architecture

Enlarge picture
Visual overview of the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI)

Common Language Infrastructure (CLI)

Main article: Common Language Infrastructure


The important component of the .NET Framework lies within the Common Language Infrastructure, or CLI. The purpose of the CLI is to provide a language-agnostic platform for application development and execution, including, but not limited to, components for exception handling, garbage collection, security, and interoperability. Microsoft's implementation of the CLI is called the Common Language Runtime, or CLR. The CLR is composed of four primary parts:

Assemblies

Main article: .NET assembly


The intermediate CIL code is housed in .NET assemblies, which for the Windows implementation means a Portable Executable (PE) file (EXE or DLL). Assemblies are the .NET unit of deployment, versioning and security. The assembly consists of one or more files, but one of these must contain the manifest, which has the metadata for the assembly. The complete name of an assembly contains its simple text name, version number, culture and public key token; it must contain the name, but the others are optional. The public key token is generated when the assembly is created, and is a value that uniquely represents the name and contents of all the assembly files, and a private key known only to the creator of the assembly. Two assemblies with the same public key token are guaranteed to be identical. If an assembly is tampered with (for example, by hackers), the public key can be used to detect the tampering.

Metadata

Main article: .NET metadata


All CIL is Self-Describing through .NET metadata. The CLR checks on metadata to ensure that the correct method is called. Metadata is usually generated by language compilers but developers can create their own metadata through custom attributes. Metadata also contain all the information about assembly.

The Base Class Library , sometimes incorrectly referred to as the Framework Class Library (FCL) (which is a superset including the Microsoft.* namespaces), is a library of classes available to all languages using the .NET Framework. The BCL provides classes which encapsulate a number of common functions such as file reading and writing, graphic rendering, database interaction, XML document manipulation, and so forth. The BCL is much larger than other libraries, but has much more functionality in one package.

Security

.NET has its own security mechanism, with two general features: Code Access Security (CAS), and validation and verification. Code Access Security is based on evidence that is associated with a specific assembly. Typically the evidence is the source of the assembly (whether it is installed on the local machine, or has been downloaded from the intranet or Internet). Code Access Security uses evidence to determine the permissions granted to the code. Other code can demand that calling code is granted a specified permission. The demand causes the CLR to perform a call stack walk: every assembly of each method in the call stack is checked for the required permission and if any assembly is not granted the permission then a security exception is thrown.

When an assembly is loaded the CLR performs various tests. Two such tests are validation and verification. During validation the CLR checks that the assembly contains valid metadata and CIL, and it checks that the internal tables are correct. Verification is not so exact. The verification mechanism checks to see if the code does anything that is 'unsafe'. The algorithm used is quite conservative and hence sometimes code that is 'safe' is not verified. Unsafe code will only be executed if the assembly has the 'skip verification' permission, which generally means code that is installed on the local machine.

Standardization and licensing

In August 2000, Microsoft, Hewlett-Packard, and Intel worked to standardize CLI and the C# programming language. By December 2001, both were ratified ECMA standards (ECMA 335 and ECMA 334). ISO followed in April 2003 (ISO/IEC 23271 and ISO/IEC 23270).

While Microsoft and their partners hold patents for CLI and C#, ECMA and ISO require that all patents essential to implementation be made available under "reasonable and non-discriminatory (RAND) terms." In addition to meeting these terms, the companies have agreed to make the patents available royalty-free.

However, this does not apply for the part of the .NET Framework which is not covered by the ECMA/ISO standard, which includes Windows Forms, ADO.NET, and ASP.NET. Patents that Microsoft holds in these areas may deter non-Microsoft implementations of the full framework.

Versions

Microsoft started development on the .NET Framework in the late 90s originally under the name of Next Generation Windows Services (NGWS). By late 2000 the first beta versions of .NET 1.0 were being released.
Version Name Version Number Release Date
1.0 Beta 11.0.????.02000-11
1.0 Beta 21.0.2914.02001-06-20
1.0 RTM1.0.3705.02002-01-05
1.0 SP11.0.3705.2092002-03-19
1.0 SP21.0.3705.2882002-08-07
1.0 SP31.0.3705.60182004-08-31
1.1 RTM1.1.4322.5732003-04-01
1.1 SP11.1.4322.20322004-08-30
1.1 SP1 (Windows Server 2003 Version)1.1.4322.23002005-03-30
2.0 RTM2.0.50727.422005-11-07
3.0 RTM3.0.4506.302006-11-06
3.5 Beta 23.5.20706.12007-07-26

.NET Framework 1.0

This is the first release of the .NET Framework. Released on February 13, 2002.

.NET Framework 1.1

This is the first major .NET Framework upgrade. It is available on its own as a redistributable package or in a software development kit, and was published April 3, 2003. It is also part of the second release of Microsoft Visual Studio .NET (released as Visual Studio .NET 2003). This is the first version of the .NET Framework to be included as part of the Windows operating system, shipping with Windows Server 2003.

Changes since 1.0

  • Built-in support for mobile ASP.NET controls. Previously available as an add-on for .NET Framework, now part of the framework.
  • Security changes - enable Windows Forms assemblies to execute in a semi-trusted manner from the Internet, and enable Code Access Security in ASP.NET applications.
  • Built-in support for ODBC and Oracle databases. Previously available as an add-on for .NET Framework 1.0, now part of the framework.
  • .NET Compact Framework - a version of the .NET Framework for small devices.
  • Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) support.
  • Numerous API changes.

.NET Framework 2.0

Released with Visual Studio .NET 2005, Microsoft SQL Server 2005 and BizTalk 2006.
  • The 2.0 Redistributable Package can be downloaded for free from Microsoft, and was published on 2006-01-22.
  • The 2.0 Software Development Kit (SDK) can be downloaded for free from Microsoft.
  • It is included as part of Visual Studio 2005 and Microsoft SQL Server 2005.
  • Version 2.0 is the last version with support for Windows 2000.
  • It shipped with Windows Server 2003 R2 (not installed by default).

Changes since 1.1

  • Numerous API changes.
  • A new hosting API for native applications wishing to host an instance of the .NET runtime. The new API gives a fine grain control on the behavior of the runtime with regards to multithreading, memory allocation, assembly loading and more (detailed reference). It was initially developed to efficiently host the runtime in Microsoft SQL Server, which implements its own scheduler and memory manager.
  • Full 64-bit support for both the x64 and the IA64 hardware platforms.
  • Language support for Generics built directly into the .NET CLR.
  • Many additional and improved ASP.NET web controls.
  • New data controls with declarative data binding.
  • New personalization features for ASP.NET, such as support for themes, skins and webparts.
  • .NET Micro Framework - a version of the .NET Framework related to the Smart Personal Objects Technology initiative more....

.NET Framework 3.0

Enlarge picture
Architecture of the .NET Framework 3.0
.NET Framework 3.0, formerly called WinFX,[2] includes a new set of managed code APIs that are an integral part of Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 operating systems. It is also available for Windows XP SP2 and Windows Server 2003 as a download. There are no major architectural changes included with this release; .NET Framework 3.0 includes version 2.0 of the Common Language Runtime.[3]

.NET Framework 3.0 consists of four major new components:

.NET Framework 3.5

This article or section contains information about computer software currently in development.
The content may change as the software development progresses.
  • This version of the framework uses version 2.0 of the CLR (the same model as the use of CLR 2.0 in .NET Framework 3.0). However, it installs .NET Framework 2.0 SP1, which add some methods and properties, required for .NET Framework 3.5 features such as LINQ, to the BCL classes in .NET Framework 2.0. These changes do not affect applications written for version 2.0 of the .NET Framework.[4]
  • Full support for .NET Framework 3.5 project types, as well as targeting .NET Framework 3.5 in builds, will be included in Visual Studio 2008.
  • The source code of the Base Class Library in this release will be released under Microsoft Reference License.[1]
  • .NET Framework 3.5 SP1, codenamed "Arrowhead", will enhance support for occassionally connected applications.[5] and provide built-in support for the Microsoft ASP.NET MVC Framework.[6]

Changes

  • New language features in C# 3.0 and VB.NET 9.0 compiler
  • C# 3.0 adds support for expression trees and lambda methods
  • Extension methods
  • Anonymous types with static type inference
  • Language Integrated Query (LINQ) along with its various providers
  • LINQ to Objects
  • LINQ to XML
  • LINQ to SQL
  • Paging support for ADO.NET
  • ADO.NET synchronization API to synchronize local caches and server side datastores
  • Asynchronous network I/O API[7]
  • Peer-to-peer networking stack, including a managed PNRP resolver[8]
  • Managed wrappers for WMI and Active Directory APIs[9]
  • Enhancements to the WCF and WF runtimes that let WCF work with POX and JSON data, as well as expose WF workflows as WCF services.[10]
  • Support for HTTP pipelining and syndication feeds.[10]
See also:

Future development

This article or section contains information about scheduled or expected .
The content may change as the software release approaches and more information becomes available.
Microsoft has not yet made public a roadmap of the development plans for future edition of .NET framework, but has released general information regarding it. Future revisions will have better support for parallel programs, that target multi-core or distributed systems.[11] To this end, it will include technologies like PLINQ (Parallel LINQ),[12] a parallel implementation of the LINQ engine, and Task Parallel Library, which exposes parallel constructs via method calls.[13]

.NET vs. Java and Java EE

See also:  and


The CLI and C# have many similarities to Sun's JVM and Java. They are strong competitors. Both are based on a virtual machine model that hides the details of the computer hardware on which their programs run. Both use their own intermediate byte-code, Microsoft calling theirs Common Intermediate Language (CIL; formerly MSIL) and Sun Java bytecode. On .NET, the byte-code is always compiled JIT, although the ngen.exe utility can be used to pre-JIT the code into a cached native image; with Java the byte-code is either interpreted, compiled in advance, or compiled JIT. Both provide extensive class libraries that address many common programming requirements, and both address many security issues that are present in other approaches. The namespaces provided in the .NET Framework closely resemble the platform packages in Java EE API Specification both in style and invocation.

.NET in its complete form (Microsoft's implementation) is currently only fully available on Windows platforms and partially available on Linux and Mac,[14][15][16] whereas Java is fully available on nearly all platforms.[17] .NET was built from the ground-up to support multiple programming languages while targeting Microsoft Windows; the Java platform was initially built to support only the Java language on many operating system platforms under the slogan, "Write once, run anywhere." Support for many programming languages has been added to the Java platform[18]

On 3rd October 2007, Microsoft announced [1] that much of the source code for the .NET Framework including Base Class Library, ASP.NET, ADO.NET and Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) will be made available with the final release of Visual Studio 2008 towards the end of 2007 under the shared source Microsoft Reference License. The source code for more libraries including Windows Communication Foundation (WCF), Windows Workflow Foundation (WF) and Language Integrated Query (LINQ) will be released in future. Sun's reference implementation of Java is becoming open source (including the class library, the compiler, the virtual machine, and the various tools associated with the Java Platform).[19]

However, the third-party Mono project is developing an open source implementation of subsets of the .NET Framework, including the Common Language Runtime, for the Linux, Solaris, Mac OS, and Windows platforms. The current version supports version 2.0 of .NET,[20] .

Criticism

Some concerns and criticisms relating to .NET include:
  • With the introduction of the .NET framework, the Visual Basic language was replaced by the Visual Basic .NET language, which caused controversy among transitioning developers.
  • Succeeding versions of .NET lock out older operating systems. For example, .NET v.3.0 and above excludes Windows 2000 and prior versions, as well as XP SP1[21].
  • Although it is more a business decision than a real criticism of the framework, some people have expressed concern that the framework is too much tied to the Microsoft Windows operating system.[22] However, the existence of alternative implementations for other platforms (though not yet complete) begins to alleviate this criticism.
  • Several backward and forward incompatibilities exist between .NET 1.0, .NET 1.1, and .NET 2.0. These are well-documented however, and mostly include security fixes,[23] changes in the underlying implementation (such as the GetHashCode() implementation),[24] as well as marking many methods as Obsolete.[25] Additionally, the framework allows running different versions side-by-side, to alleviate problems of version incompatibility.[26]
  • Applications running in a managed environment such as the Microsoft framework's CLR or Java's JVM tend to require more system resources than functionally similar applications that access machine resources more directly. However, some applications have been shown to perform better in .NET than in their native version. This could be due to the runtime optimizations made possible by such an environment, the use of relatively well-performing functions in the .NET framework, JITting of managed code, or other aspects of the CLR.[27][28]
  • As JIT languages can be more easily reverse-engineered than native code to algorithms used by an application, there is concern over possible loss of trade secrets and the bypassing of license control mechanisms. However, many obfuscation techniques already developed can help to prevent this; indeed Microsoft's Visual Studio 2005 includes such a tool produced by PreEmptive Solutions (see dotfuscator).
  • Several developers[29][30] have reported issues with something known as "the parking window". There are times when the parking window will put itself into a condition which Windows treats as fatal, and thus the .Net application is terminated.

Alternative implementations

The Microsoft .NET Framework is the predominant implementation of .NET technologies. Other implementations for parts of the framework exist. Since the runtime engine is described by a ECMA/ISO specification, other implementations of it are unencumbered by copyright issues. It is more difficult to develop alternatives to the base class library (BCL), which is not described by an open standard, and may be subject to copyright restrictions. Additionally, parts of the BCL have Windows-specific functionality and behavior, so implementation on non-Windows platforms can be problematic.

Some alternative implementations of parts of the framework are listed here.
  • Microsoft's Shared Source Common Language Infrastructure is a shared source implementation of the CLR component of the .NET Framework. It runs on Microsoft Windows XP, FreeBSD, and Mac OS X 10.2.
  • Portable.NET (part of DotGNU) provides an implementation of the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI), portions of the .NET Base Class Library (BCL), and a C# compiler. It supports a variety of CPUs and operating systems.
  • Mono is an implementation of the CLI and portions of the .NET Base Class Library (BCL), and provides additional functionality. It is dual-licensed under free software and proprietary software licenses. Mono is being developed by Novell, Inc. It includes support for ASP.NET, ADO.NET, and evolving support for Windows Forms libraries. It also includes a C# compiler, and a VB.NET compiler is in pre-beta form.
  • CrossNet is an implementation of the CLI and portions of the .NET Base Class Library (BCL). It is free software. It parses .NET assemblies and generates unmanaged C++ code that can compiled and linked within any ANSI C++ application on any platform.
  • .NET for Symbian .NET Compact Framework implementation for Symbian (S60)

Support End of Life

.NET Framework 1.0: Mainstream support ended 30/06/2007, extended support ends 30/06/2009.

.NET Framework 1.1: 30/09/2008 and 30/09/2010 respectively. Since .NET 1.1 is a component of Windows Server 2003, extended support for .NET 1.1 on Server 2003 will run out when the OS does, currently 30/06/2013.

See also

Components and libraries

References

1. ^ Scott Guthrie. Releasing the Source Code for the NET Framework. Retrieved on 2007-10-04.
2. ^ WinFX name change announcement
3. ^ .NET Framework 3.0 Versioning and Deployment Q&A. Retrieved on 2007-03-21.
4. ^ Catching RedBits differences in .NET 2.0 and .NET 2.0SP1. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
5. ^ Microsoft ‘Arrowhead’ to up support for ‘occasionally connected’ apps. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
6. ^ Scott Guthrie (2007-10-14). ASP.NET MVC Framework. Retrieved on 2007-10-18.
7. ^ C# Online.NET Official Weblog. Retrieved on 2007-06-24.
8. ^ Kevin Hoffman. Orcas' Hidden Gem - The managed PNRP stack. Retrieved on 2007-06-24.
9. ^ .NET Framework 3.5. Retrieved on 2007-06-24.
10. ^ Matt Winkle. WCF and WF in "Orcas". Retrieved on 2007-06-14.
11. ^ S. Somasegar. The world of multi and many cores. Retrieved on 2007-05-11.
12. ^ Parallel LINQ: Running Queries On Multi-Core Processors. Retrieved on 2007-07-20.
13. ^ Parallel Performance: Optimize Managed Code For Multi-Core Machines. Retrieved on 2007-07-20.
14. ^ .Net Framework 1.0 Redistributable Requirements MSDN, Accessed April 22, 2007
15. ^ .Net Framework 1.1 Redistributable Requirements MSDN, Accessed April 22, 2007
16. ^ .Net Framework 2.0 Redistributable Requirements MSDN, Accessed April 22, 2007
17. ^ JRE 5.0 Installation Notes Sun Developer Network, Access April 22, 2007
18. ^ Languages for the Java VM. Retrieved on 2007-05-11.
19. ^ Free and Open Source Java. Sun.com. Retrieved on 2007-04-22.
20. ^ FAQ: General. Mono (2006-12-20). Retrieved on 2007-01-21.
21. ^ .NET 3.0 System requirements
22. ^ see for example Bjarne Stroustrup's homepage
23. ^ Backwards Breaking Changes from version 1.1 to 2.0
24. ^ Explanation of GetHashCode() Changes
25. ^ Compatibility Considerations and Version Changes
26. ^ Side-by-Side Execution of the .NET Framework
27. ^ The PHP Language Compiler for the .NET Framework
28. ^ IronPython: A fast Python implementation for .NET and Mono
29. ^ [1]
30. ^ [2]

External links

  •  • [ e] .NET Framework (Microsoft)
Architecture:Base Class Library • Common Language Infrastructure • .NET assembly • .NET metadata
Common Language Infrastructure:Common Language Runtime • Common Type System • Common Intermediate Language • Virtual Execution System • Dynamic Language Runtime
Languages:C# • Cω • Visual Basic .NET • C++/CLI (Managed) • J# • JScript .NET • Windows PowerShell • IronPython • IronRuby • F#
Other languages:A# • Boo • IronLisp • L# • Nemerle • P# • Scala
Windows Foundations:Presentation • Communication • Workflow
Components:ADO.NET • ASP.NET • .NET Remoting • Language Integrated Query • Silverlight • Windows CardSpace • Windows Forms • XAML
Other implementations:DotGNU • Mono • .NET Compact Framework (Xbox 360) • .NET Micro Framework • Portable.NET • Shared Source Common Language Infrastructure
Comparison:C# vs. Java • C# vs. Visual Basic .NET • Comparison of the Java and .NET platforms
Upcoming technologies:Acropolis • Astoria • Jasper


  •  • [ e] Microsoft APIs and Frameworks
Graphics:DirectX • Direct3D • Graphics Device Interface (GDI) • Windows Image Acquisition • Desktop Window Manager • Windows Presentation Foundation
Audio:DirectSound • DirectMusic • XACT • Speech Application Programming Interface
Multimedia:DirectShow • Windows Media • Media Foundation
Data access:Microsoft Data Access Components • ADO.NET • Entity Framework • Sync Services
Communication:Winsock • Telephony Application Programming Interface
Management:Windows Management Instrumentation
Component model:Component Object Model (COM) • COM+ • Distributed Component Object Model • .NET Framework
Driver development:Windows Driver Model • Windows Driver Foundation
Security:Cryptographic Application Programming Interface • Windows CardSpace
.NET:.NET Framework • ASP.NET • ADO.NET • .NET Remoting • Windows Presentation Foundation • Windows Communication Foundation • Windows Workflow Foundation • Windows CardSpace • XNA • Silverlight
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    source code (commonly just source or code) is any sequence of statements and/or declarations written in some human-readable computer programming language.
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    Shared source is Microsoft’s framework for sharing computer program source code with individuals and organizations. Microsoft’s Shared Source Initiative includes a spectrum of technologies and licenses. Most of its offerings are available for download by anyone.
    ..... Click the link for more information.
    Shared source is Microsoft’s framework for sharing computer program source code with individuals and organizations. Microsoft’s Shared Source Initiative includes a spectrum of technologies and licenses. Most of its offerings are available for download by anyone.
    ..... Click the link for more information.


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